初中英语句子结构(9页).doc

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1、-初中英语句子结构-第 9 页初中英语句子结构分析简单句的五个基本句型主语 不及物动词 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happy主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.（There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）1. 基本句型 一： +i （

2、主不及物动词）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词，主格代词，动词不定式，动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：1. We come. 2. The sunrose. 3 She came4 My head aches. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。2. 基本句型 二： + 系 + （主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合

3、谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。如：1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He is growing tall and strong. 系动词主要是起到连系主语和表语的作用。可分四类：1. 表 “是 ” 如：be“是”(am, is, are, was, were)2.表 “感觉” 如：look看起来feel感到，sound听起来，smell闻起来，seem似乎3. 表 “变” 如：get变得, turn变得, grow变得，go变得, come变得, become成为 4

4、. 表 “保持” 如：keep保持, stay保持 常用连系动词的用法： 变成,变得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn口诀：好是come，坏是go; 天气、外貌慢慢grow; 流水、金钱缓缓run;颜色、天气大不同turn；get / become口语化，如果要说就用它.口诀解读：Come 一般表示事物由坏变好，结果是好的。如:Dreams come true.梦想成真。Go 一般表示事物由好变坏，结果是不好的。如：Its such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly.今天太热了，

5、菜都馊了。Grow 表示逐渐变化,强调的是缓慢变化的过程,后面往往接表示天气或外貌变化的静态形容词。如:I want to grow old with you. 我想和你一起慢慢变老。Run 与grow 是对应的，其主语多为能流动，能消耗的东西。如：Still water runs deep.静水深流。Turn多接表示颜色和天气的形容词，侧重于表达与之前大不相同。如：The weather suddenly turned hot.天气突然变热了。In spring the trees turn green, the flowers come out. 春天树变绿了，花开了。Get / beco

6、me在口语表达时用得比较多，但这二者相比，become相对正式些，其主语既可以是人也可以是物。如：He got angry on hearing the news.听到这个消息，他变得很生气。总之，不管英语多么“ 变 ”化多端，万“ 变 ”不离其宗。英语学习的终极目标还是为了与人交流，所以多在交流中使用这些“变化”词，才能真正掌握其内涵。 保持某种状态：continue, keep, lie, remain, stand , stay. 看起来，好像：appear, look, seem. 感官动词：feel, smell, sound, taste.注意：There be 结构： There

7、 be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词“there那里”混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示“（存在）有某事物”。试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）前一个there无实义，后一个there为副词那里。3. 基本句型 三： + t + （主及物宾）此句型句子的共同特点是： 谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。如：1. Who knows the answer? 2. He admits that he was mistaken4. 基本句型 四： +

8、t + IO + DO （主及物间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, 这两个宾语通常一个指人 (间接宾语)；一个指物 (直接宾语)。 eg：give / pass / bring / showGive me a cup of tea please./ Pass our English teacher the book./Bring it to me, please. / Show this house to Mr. Smith.1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 5. 基本句型 五： + t +

9、 + （主及物宾宾补） 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有：名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。The war made him a soldier. （名词）New methods make the job easy .（形容词）I often find him at work . （介词短语）The teacher ask the students to close the windows. （不定式）I saw

10、a cat running across the road. （现在分词）Our teacher found the windows closed. （过去分词）1. We called the boy Jim. 英语句子成分划分详解主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。如：我看书。谁看书？“我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当。（如动词不定式，动名词，代词都可作主语，主语从句）主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）

11、Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语：说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么，是什么”的问题。如上句中主语“我”干什么？“看书”。“看书”就是谓语。 一个句子，一般都可分成主、谓两大部分（

12、祈使句是省主句）。再细分又可分成谓语（动词）、宾语，表语，补语（包括宾补和主补），定语，状语，同位语等。 如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语（看）和宾语（书）。 谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。 句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 宾语：指谓语动词所涉及的对象，由名、代、数，宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当，但人称代词要用宾格。如：还说上例。谓语动词是“看”，看什么？看“书”，“书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象，是

13、“看”的宾语。 需要说明的是：只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾 I like China.（名词） He hates you.（代词） How many do you need? We need two.（数词） We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said?（宾语从句） 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 Are you

14、 afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.表语：是和系动词紧密相连的。在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语，这就是“主系表”结构。作表语的也是名词性的词，也可以是从句。表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it.（代词） Fiv

15、e and five is ten.（数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. (介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） To wear a flower is to say“Im poor, I cant buy a ring.（不定式） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句） （常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，s

16、mell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）. It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.定语：修饰限定名词、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等，如 a tall boy中，tall修饰boy,tall是boy的定语。可作定语的有形

17、容词、名词、副词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend.（代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys

18、playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。如：他在灯下看书。“在灯下”是状语。 补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，补充宾语叫宾语补足语。如：他把我逗笑了。He made me l

19、augh.主语：he;谓语：made;宾语：me;宾补：laugh.补语和它补充说明的成份之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，这可以把它和其它成份区分开。如：上句宾语me和宾补laugh之间，laugh的动作是me来做的。这就是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。把这两部分单拿出来可以成一句完整的话，即I laughed,宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here.（名）We will make them happy.（形容词）We found nobody in. (副词

20、) Please make yourself at home.介词短语）Dont let him do that.（省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning.（现在分词）Ill have my bike repaired.（过去分词） 主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy

21、 boy a lesson.语法是句子的框架，学语法应该说是学习语言的一个捷径。相对而言，句子的灵魂是词汇，学习是个长期积累过程，词汇积累更是如此。学习也要讲究方法，活学活用，在运用中记忆，不能死记硬背。另外，语言都有些相通的地方，结合母语对照学习也很有效。 I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study h

22、ard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 简单句的五个基本句型主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happy主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave Jo

23、hn a bookShe bought a book for me.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.（There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）Exercises 句子结构分析练习题一. 选出下列句子的基本句型。a， +i b， +t + c， +系 +d， +t + I + D e， +t + + 二写出下列句子的基本句型。1. Who cares? 2. Everything looks different. 3. H

24、is face turned red. 4. He enjoys reading. 5. He said Good morning. 6. She looked after the old man. 7. Our team beat all the others.8. I showed him my pictures. 9. I told him that the bus was late. 10. He showed me how to run the machine. 三. 划分句子成分句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is

25、a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city7. -I love you more than her，child 8. Tees turn green when spring comes.9. They pushed the door open.

26、10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.句子结构练 习：主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1你应当努力学习。 2她昨天回家很晚。3那天早上我们谈了很多。 4会议将持续两个小时。5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ）1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。 4他们成功地完成了计划。5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ）1我的兄弟都是大学生。 2冬季白天短，夜晚长。 3布朗夫人看起来很健康。 4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 5

27、孩子们，请保持安静。双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）1 Johnson先生去年教我们德语。 2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。 4.请把那本字典递给我好吗？5.他把车票给列车员看。 复合宾语结构 （主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ）1我们叫她Alice. 2他的父母给他取名为John.3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 4他们把门推开了。5他们把小偷释放了。There be句型1今晚没有会。 2这个村子过去只有一口井。3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。4客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。5天气预报说下午有大风。 Keys句子成分 1.主语 系动词

28、 表语 2.主语 系动词 表语 3.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 4.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 5.主语 及物动词 宾语 6.主语 动词 形式宾语it 宾语补足语+宾语7.主语 及物动词 宾语 8.主语 系动词 表语 9.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 10.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 句子结构主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1You should study hard.2 She went home very late yesterday evening.3That morning we talked a great deal.4The meeting will last two ho

29、urs.5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ） 1.I wrote a letter last night. 2.I want to talk with you this afternoon.4.They have carried out the plan successfully. 5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.主系表结构 （主语 系动词 主语补语 ）1My brothers are

30、 all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.5 Children, keep quiet please. 双宾语结构 （主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 ）1Mr Johnson taught us German last year.2Grandma told me an interesting story last n

31、ight.3Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.4Would you please pass me the dictionary?5He showed the ticket to the conductor.复合宾语结构 （主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 ）1We call her Alice. 2His parents named him John.3All of us considered him honest. 4They pushed the door open.5They have set the thief free. There be句型1There isnt going to be a meeting tonight.2There was only a well in the village.3There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school.4Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.5The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.