初中语法——现在完成时和过去完成时专题(17页).doc

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1、-初中语法现在完成时和过去完成时专题-第 17 页现在完成时和过去完成时（1）现在完成时：1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：（时间标志词）these days,recently, lately,in/during the past few years, already ,yet ,never ,ever, just, before, in the past (last) few days,so far ,once, twice ,for时间段，since过去的时间点，since般过去时的从句等。 3.基本结构：

2、have/has + done 4.否定形式： have/has + not +done.5.一般疑问句： 把have或has放于句首。6.反义疑问句： 直接用has /have 进行反问7.现在完成时的用法 ：表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。如： Have you had your lunch yet？你吃过午饭了吗？ Yes，I have.Ive just had it.是的，我刚吃过。(现在不饿了) I have closed the door. (门现在是关的)表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可能还要持续下去，常与for或since连用。表示持续的动

3、作或状态多为延续性动词。如： He has lived here since l999.自从1999年以来，他就住在这儿。 I have learnt English for ten years.我学习英语有10年了。 We have lived here for two years. (过去住到现在)8. 难点：（1）现在完成时可和疑问词where, why, how 连用，但不能和when对时间的提问不用when，只用how long。 Where have you been? Why have you turned off the radio? When have you come ba

4、ck? () He has been in China for 4 years. (提问) When() / How long() has he been in China?（2）have been to /have gone to /have been in 的区别 have been to +地点 表示曾经去过某地，现人已返回。(once ,twice .) have gone to +地点 表示人已去了某地，人还未返回。(where is sb ?) have been in +地点 表示在某地呆多长时间。（for./ since .） I have been to Beijing tw

5、ice. Where is Tom? He has gone to HK.Lucy has been in this school for two years.（3)短暂性动词和持续性动词的现在完成时A. 若后面没有时间状语“for + 时间段，since + 时间点”时，短暂性和持续性动词都可用于现在完成时。如：I have bought(短暂) a new computer. () He has already lived (持续) in the small village. ()B. 若后面有时间状语“for + 时间段，since + 时间点”时，要用持续性动词或短暂性动词的否定。如：

6、 They have stayed (持续) in the village for 10 years. I have taught(持续) English at this school since 5 years ago.You havent received (短暂)her letter for 2 weeks.We havent left (短暂)China since 20 years ago.注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I haven

7、t received his letter for almost a month.C. 短暂性动词的肯定不能与“for + 时间段，since + 时间点”连用，若要和他们连用则要将短暂性动词变为相对应的动词。如：I have come here for 3 years. ()I have been here for 3 years.( )现举例说明这类动词的变化：下划线的词是错的，括号里的词是对的，borrow / lend kept She has borrowed(kept) the magazine since two weeks ago.catch had Kate has caug

8、ht (had) a cold for one day.buy had Ive bought (had) this radio for 3 years. put on worn He has put on (worn) the new coat for a week.leave / gobeen away They have left(been away) for one year. start / begin been on The film has begun (been on) for 8 minutes.get up been up He has gone up(been up) mo

9、re than two hours. move been out (of) Jims family have moved(been out of) here for over 2 years.finish been over The football match has finished(been over) for two hours. open been open The factory has opened(been open) since 1990. close been closed The factory has closed (been closed) for 2 months.

10、 die been dead That old man has died(been dead) for three years. join been in/ been a member (of) Her father has joined (been in) the Party for ten years. come/ become/ arrivebeen(in) They have come to(been in) this school since 1990. 注意：非延续性（短暂性）动词的肯定不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。必须把非延续性动词改为相应的表示延续性的动词或短语，这时可与表示一

11、段时间的状语连用。常见的非延续性动词通常作如下变换：come/go to be at /in ， leavebe away from， buyhave， borrow/lendkeep， diebe dead， start/beginbe on， closebe closed， openbe open， joinbe in/be a member of/be a soldier.， go/come therebe there， get marriedbe married， get up -be up， catch a coldhave a cold， returnbe back， fall i

12、llbe ill，becomebe， has gone tohas been in， die-dead ， make friend -be friend fall asleep -be asleep ， catch a cold have a cold， reach/get/arrive-stay/be 等。 误：l have bought this computer for two years. 正：I have had this computer for two years. 这台电脑我买了有两年了。 （4)与现在完成时有关的四种句型之间的转换。 现在完成时的四种句型： A).主语+短暂性

13、动词的过去式+ 时间+ago B).主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词+for./since . ago. C).Its +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 D).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式如：“我来广东有4年了”可用以下句型表示： I came to Guangdong 4 years ago. I have been in Guangdong for 4 years. Its 4 years since I came to Guangdong Four years has passed since I came to Guangdo

14、ng. His grandfather died two years ago. His grandfather has _ _ for two years. _two years _ his grandfather _. Two years _ _ _ his grandfather _.（5）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别. 标志词不同 (具体看两种时态标志词) 如：I went to cinema two days ago. (一般过去时标志词).He has been away since ten days ago. (现在完成时的标志词). 一般过去时表示动作发生在过去，与现在无关。而现

15、在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成影响。I saw the film yesterday. (我昨天看了这部电影)（强调看的动作发生过了）I have seen the film before.(过去看过电影，强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了，不想再看了）I wont see it again. Has he returned the library book? Yes, he has.When _ he _(return) it ?He _ (return)it yesterday afternoon .句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, i

16、n 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.（6） 用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time （that） Ive hear

17、d him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。（7） 比较since和forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived her

18、e since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。）注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, a

19、nd is still studying it now.2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.拓展：since的四种用法1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, hal

20、f past six）。例如 I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。3） since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： I

21、t is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。【例11】【2013，玉林】Dave，we will leave in 10 minutes.Are you ready? No，I_our guide book and towels yet. Adont pack Bdidnt pack Chave packed Dhavent packed 解析：根据no可知，还没有准备好，排除C；根据句意“Dave，我们将10分钟后出发。你准备好了吗？”可知从过去到现在还没准备好，是对现在的一种影响，且标志词yet可知，应用

22、现在完成时。答案：_D_ 【例12】【2013，衡阳】Look at these stamps.I_them for five years. Wow，they are wonderful. Akept Bhave kept Chave bought Dbought 解析：由句中时间状语for five years可知，本题应用现在完成时且动词应用延续性动词。 答案：_B_1） -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming答案

23、B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。2） -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。3）. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had met B. have m

24、et C. met D. meet答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。4）. -Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。 对点专练：选择填空，有时间标志词的请在原句中圈出。( ) 1. Tom, can I borrow your boo

25、k CHICKEN SOUP? Sorry, I _ it to Mary.A. lentB. have lentC. lendD. was lending( ) 2. He is a top student. He _ never_ in his lessons.A. has, failB. was, failingC. has, failedD. will, fail( ) 3.My brother _ just _ to Japan. He wont be back until next week.A. will, goB. has, goneC. did, go D. was, goi

26、ng( ) 4. How many machines _ in the last (past) few weeks?A. did they makeB. will they makeC. have they madeD. had they made( ) 5. My father _ to Europe twice.A. wentB. has beenC. goesD. is going( ) 6. _ you _ your homework yet?A. Have, finishedB. Will, finishC. Did, finishD. Are, finishing ( ) 7. C

27、hina _ several rockets into space so far.A. has sentB. will sendC. sentD. was sending ( ) 8. He _ an English teacher for ten years.A. isB. wasC. has beenD. will be( ) 9. Mary and her sister _ the piano since 8 years ago.A. have playedB. playedC. playD. are playing( ) 10.This is the most beautiful pl

28、ace that I _ ever _.A. do, visitB. am, visitingC. have visitedD. will visit ( ) 11. The weather is very cold these days. I _ a cold for a few days.A. have caughtB. have hadC. catchD. have( ) 12. His grandpa _ since five years ago.A. diedB. has diedC. has been deadD. was dying( ) 13. How long have yo

29、u_ in the party?A. joinedB. taken partC. gotD. been ( ) 14. Is your father a Party member?Yes, he _ the Party three years ago. He _ a member for three years.A. has joined, has been B. has joined, was C. joined, wasD. joined, has been ( ) 15. The train _ for ten minutes. You have to take another one.

30、A. has goneB. has leftC. has been awayD. went away（2）过去完成时： 1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 那时以前 那时 现在2.时间状语：1).before+过去时间，by+ 过去时间, by the end of last year(term, month)2).by the time +从句（一般过去时），主句（过去完成时）3).用于由when ,after , before 引导的时间状语从句中，前后两动作都发生在过去。 过去完成时+when/before +一般过

31、去时 一般过去时+after +过去完成时4) .用于宾语从句中。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。3.基本结构：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句：把had放于句首。6. 用

32、法：a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如：She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。c. 表示意向的动词，如hope,

33、 wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能。例如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来典型例题The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had

34、left答案D. 把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在同学们正忙于这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意： had hardly when 还没等 就。例如：I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。had no soonerthan 刚 就。例如：He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了【真题感悟】:【例1】

35、【2013天津】33. Is Tom at home? No, he _ to town. A. has been B. has gone C. goes D. will go【解析】考查动词的时态。Tom在家吗？不在，他已经去镇里了。表“已经去了某地方，现在不在说话者说话的地方”用have/has gone to结构。答案：_B_【例2】【2013陕西】22. When you _ at a restaurant , please order just enough food .A. ate B. will eat C. eat D. haven eaten 【解析】考查动词时态。句意：当你

36、在餐馆里吃饭时，请点够吃的食物就行了。When在这里引导时间状语从句，根据句意用一般现在时即可。答案：_C_ 【例3】【2013湖北武汉】29. Is Jim in the office? No, he _ the dinning hall. A. goes B. would go C. has gone D. had gone 【解析】选C。考查动词的时态。根据句意“吉姆在办公室吗？不，他已经去餐厅了。”可以判断应该用“现在完成时”。“have (has) gone to + 某地”表示“去了某地还没有回来”。 答案：_C_ 【例4】【2013甘肃兰州】28. The food looked

37、 bad, but it _ OK. So we cant judge a man by his appearance.A. is tastedB. tastedC. was tastedD. taste【解析】考查动词时态。句意：这食物看起来很糟，但尝起来不错。因此我们不能以貌取人。根据时态保持一致原则，looked为过去式，故本空应用过去的时态，排除A、D；taste是连系动词。在英语中，联系动词没有被动语态，排除C。答案：_B_ 1. 【2013广东湛江】30. Come and join us, Ben! Im afraid I cant. Im too busy now. If I

38、_ time, I would certainly go.A. hadB. will haveC. have hadD. Have【解析】考查动词的时态。句意：Ben，来加入我们吧！我恐怕不行。现在我太忙啦。如果我有空，我将一定去。本句是是if引导的虚拟条件状语从句，主句用过去将来时（would），从句应用一般过去时。【答案】A2.【2013山东威海】31. your son _a camera?No. He _one this summer vacation.A. Has. .bought; will buy B. Did.buy; boughtC. Does .buy; bought D.

39、 Does .buy; will buy【解析】考查动词时态在语境中的用法。句意为：_你的儿子_一个照相机？不，这个暑假_买一个。根据问句可知问的你的儿子到目前为止买相机了吗？可以判断应该用现在完成时态；根据答语中的this summer vacation可知用一般将来时。【答案】A3.【2013浙江宁波】31. Tony _ football every weekend when he was young.A. plays B. played C. is playing D. has played【解析】考查动词的时态。句意为“托尼小时候每周都踢足球。”由时间状语“when he was y

40、oung”可知应用一般过去时表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。【答案】B4.【2013山东威海】36.Alice, would you mind not playing the guitar? I on the phone.Oh, sorry, mom.A. talked B. talk C. was talking D. am talking【解析】考查动词时态的用法。句意：爱丽丝，请不要在这儿弹吉他，好吗？我在接电话。哦，对比起，妈妈。根据句意可推知爱丽丝的妈妈正在接电话，所以，句子用现在进行时。【答案】D5.【2013山东莱芜】33. 一 I didnt see you at the

41、meeting yesterday. Why?一I _ for an important telephone call at that moment.A. wait B. waited C. am waiting D. was waiting【解析】考查动词时态辨析。句意：- 昨天的会议上我没有看到你在。为什么？- 那时我在等一个重要的电话。因为等电话是昨天开会那段时间正发生的动作，而过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正发生的动作，所以选择答案D。【答案】D6.【2013江苏徐州】9. Millie _ a picture when Mr Green came in. A. draw B. will

42、draw C. drew D. was drawing【解析】考查动词的时态。句意“当格林先生进来的时候，米莉正在画画”，因此用过去进行时态。所以选择D。【答案】D7.【2013江苏淮安】14. One of the popular expressions in 2012 _“Positive energy”. A. is B. are C. was D. were【解析】考查动词的时态。由句中的one of知, 主语是单数, 又由句中的时间in 2012知, 用一般过去时态, 所以选择C。【答案】C8.【2013江苏淮安】7.Will you go to the cinema with me

43、 tomorrow?Sorry, I _ skating with Tom. A. go B. went C. have gone D. will go【解析】考查动词的时态。问句“明天你与我们一起去电影院, 好吗？”, 答句意为“对不起, 我们将一起去滑冰”, 因此用一般将来时态, 所以选择D。【答案】D9.【2013江苏常州】7.Why are you worried?Im expecting a call from my daughter. She New for three days.A. has gone toB. has been toC. has been in D. has come in【解析】本题考查动词时态的用法。has gone to去某