定语从句与非谓语动词(4页).doc

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1、-二定语从句：定语从句三步：第一找出先行词（被修饰的那个名词或代词）；第二看从句缺少什么成份（如主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的引导词。从句中所缺成份指人指物主语that whothat which宾语(that who whom)(that which)时间状语when =相应的介词+ which地点状语Where =相应的介词+ which-的whose 或 of which 注意：引导词在介词后，指人只能用 whom 指物只能用which高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面：【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指

2、代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句，从意义上来说，是对主语的补充说明，从结构上来看，先行词和定语从句之间用逗号隔开，He makes great progress in his English learning, which makes his mother very happy. I shall never forget the day _ Shenzhou V was launched, _ has a great effect on my life. A. when; whichB. that; whichC. which; thatD. when

3、; that (2004北京东城)【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。指人时常只用who不用that的情况；指物时只用which不用that的情况；只用that不用which的情况；关系代词as与which的用法区别；the same that 与the same as 的区别:1 其中that, who(whom)，都可以指人，那么他们在指人时有什么区别呢。本条记忆技巧：用who 不用 that 的情况 “there be” “one，ones，anyone，nobody, those ” 被分割。 那里有(there)很多万(one)被那些人(those)分割

4、。先行词为those, one, anyone, nobody 等词时，用who不用that,例如：The one who knows me well is Tom.在分隔型定语从句中，若先行词是人，用 who不用that, 例：A new teacher will come who will teach you German.在本句中，先行词“teacher”和修饰限定它的从句 “who will teach you German ” 分离，所以我们用 who 不用 that。先行词为“there be”结构的主语时，例如There is a man who wants to see you

5、.在本句子当中a man是There is a man 这句当中的主语，所以用who不用that2其中，that 和 which 都可以指物，它们在指物时的区别：用that不用which先行词前有形容词最高级,序数词,all, every, little, no, any, much, the only, the very, the last 等修饰时，例如：I have read all the books that you gave me. 先行词为all, few, nothing, everything, little, much 等不定代词时：He did all that he c

6、ould do to help us. 主语以who或which开头时Who is the man that just called you just now? 关系代词在从句中做表语时 China is not the country that is was. 既指人又指物时He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.2, 先行词表示物时, 用which不用that 的情况 引导非限制性定语从句时,例如:She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to h

7、er mouth. 当关系代词做介词宾语时,例如:He wrote a book in which he could learn about his life.在上一例句中,引导词 “which”作了介词 “in”的宾语,所以不可以用 “that”代替.关于as1在一些结构，如“such as” “the sameas” “asas”等结构中，定语从句的引导 词经常要用到as，例如This is not such a book as I expected.the same as和the same that 的区别。例句： This is the same tool as I used last

8、 time.This is the same tool that I used last time.在例句中，第一句的意思是这个工具和我上次用的一样，但是第二句的意思是这就是我上次用的工具2 as 和which 的比较相同点：两者都可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词都可以是整个句子，都可以在从句中 做主语，宾语表语。 不同点: as 引导的从句可以放在句首和句尾，而which 引导的从句只可放在句尾。 as 还有正如、正象的意思。As Marx pointed out, labor created man himself.当先行词，虽然表示时间地点，但是引导词在从句中不是做状语，而是做宾语时，不

9、能用when, where引导，而只能用that, which 等引导。比较以下两个句字：I will never forget the days when I first went to Beijing .I will never forget the days that (which) we spent together There is no such place _ you dream of in all this world. (2004北京西城5月) A. that B. whatC. whichD. as【考点8】区别that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句。that引导

10、同位语从句时，that是纯连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；that引导定语从句时，that是关系代词，在从句中充当主语或宾语等。 比较： The news that they had won the game arrived soon. The news that you told me yesterday is true. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春季) A. he explainedB. what he explained C. how he explainedD

11、. why he explained【考点9】定语从句中谓语动词须与先行词在人称与数上保持一致。 He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship in three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been(2002上海春季)【考点10】在先行词为time，place，reason时，常可用that代替when，where，why，并常常省去。如：That was the reason (that) / why / for which he left home. Wh

12、at surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.(2004湖北) A. the way B. in the way thatC. in the wayD. the way which【考点11】定语从句应特别注意的几个问题关系代词which例1 The Greens will move into the new house next Monday, it will be completely finished A by the timeB by which timeC thatD which 例2Water boils at 100,

13、 it changes to gasA at which temperatureB at which C by which temperatureD by which 析：which 引导定语从句时，在从句中除了作主语或宾语外，还可以作定语修饰名词，常用于“介词which名词”结构中，相当于“and介词thisthat名词”。所以例1选B；例2选A。关系副词when例1Could you suggest a timeit would fit you to visit us and try out the machine 例2Think of a timeyou were happiest(Se

14、nior3,L93)例3There was a timeall scientists were willing to share their results（Senior3,L3）A that B when C which D where析：当先行词为a time(一段时间)时，引导定语从句的关系词常用when，而不采用that，故以上例题均选B。在我们课本中类似的句子还有：This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema(Senior2,L70) Its about a time when there were black sl

15、aves in North America(Senior1,L53)关系代词but例：There is no one wishes peaceA who B but C that D whom析：本题句意为“没有人不希望和平。”but作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。but相当于who that dont doesnt，but本身含有否定意义。故本题选B。定语从句与强调句及其他从句的混合例1It was in the small housewas built with stones by his fatherhe spent his childhoodA whichthat B thatwher

16、eC whichwhich D wherethat析：分析句子结构可知，本句的主句为强调句型，第一空应由关系代词引导定语从句修饰先行词house。故本题选A。例2The meeting was put off, was exactlywe wantedA whichwhich B as thatC whichwhat D it that析：由题意可知，第一空应由关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，第二空应由what引导表语从句。故本题选C。非谓语动词用法对比知识要点：1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例如：Collecting informati

17、on about childrens health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：（1）Its difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do（2）Its kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb.

18、 to do.3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：Its no good (use, fun) doing.Its (a) waste of time （ones ）doing.Its worth while doing.4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。This English novel is worth readin

19、g. 这本英文小说值得一读。The situation in Russian required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。5、 有些动词后面既可跟动词不定式，又可跟动名词作宾语，注意它们的不同意思。 doing sth to do sth remember 记得做过某事，（动作已发生）记得去做某事（动作未发生） forget忘了做过某事（动作已发生）忘了去做某事（动作未发生） regret后悔过去做过的事遗憾地去做事 mean意味着做某事 意欲、打算做某事 try试着做某事（看会发生什么）努力、设法、企图做某事 stop 停止做某事停下来去做另一事 go on继续原来的事接着做另一

20、件事cant help禁不住、情不自禁地做某事无法帮助去做某事 learn学会做某事学着、开始学做某事need / want/require某事需要被做（= to be done）需要做某事（主动意思）6、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后将要发生的动作。例如：He had a lot of work to do. 他有很多活要干。7、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词正在进行的动作。a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为a stick for walking）a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（

21、动名词做定语，意为a car for sleeping）the rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词做定语，意为the sun which was rising）the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为the world which is changing）8、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。如： a flying bird the running watera well dressed woman 衣着讲究的女士（意同a woman who is dressed well）a c

22、ar parked at the gate 停在门口的小汽车（意同a car which was parked at the gate）9、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。（结果状语）To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（目的状语）All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)10、分词做状语

23、可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式：Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市很美。（条件状语）Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房时，他发现父亲生气了。（时间状语）Being tired, they went on working. 虽然累了，但他们继续工作。（让步状语）Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。（原因状语）He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。（伴随状语）-第 4 页-