河北衡水高三英语新高考语法学习笔记（21）英语句子分析知识点概要公开课.docx

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1、新水第一中摩1 NO.1 High SdiMl河北衡水高三英语新高考语法学习笔记(21)英语句子分析知识点概要英语句子分析第一节句子的结构类型英语句子按其结构的复杂程度可分为：简单句、并列句和复合句1主语+谓语动词(+状语)subject+intransitive verb ( +adverbial)Man proposes; God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。2主语+系动词+主语补足语subject+link verb+subject complement主语补足语也称作表语(1)最常见的是形容词、名词(短语)作表语T

2、he leaf will turn yellow in autumn.1）提供两种或两种以上情形供对方选择2 ）不用yes或no来回答Which ice cream would you like, chocolate, vanilla or strawberry?Chocolate, please.（4）反义疑问句1）附在陈述句之后，对陈述句所说的事实和观点提出疑问2）一般来说有两种形式：陈述句肯定，那么所附问句否认；陈述句否 定，那么所附问句肯定。即前肯后否或前否后肯”。You have not completed that job, have you?你还没完成那项工作，对吧？8祈使句1）

3、用以表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等2 ）主语you常省略，只以动词原形开头3）一般没有时态变化，不与情态动词连用Stop bugging me!另！J烦我!Make hay while the sun shines.晒草要趁太阳好。/莫失良机。9感叹句1)主要由what和how引导2 ) what结构主要有三种What a (n)+形容词+可数名词单数+主谓局部！What a lovely boy he is!他真是个可爰的男孩！A. What+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数+主谓局部！What foolish mistakes you have made!What nice weather

4、(it is)!B. What+a (n) +可数名词单数！What a day!What a moron!3 ） how结构主要有三种How+形容词/W词+主谓局部！How lovely the boy is!How fast time flies!A. How+形容词+a （n）+可数名词单数+主谓局部!How lovely a boy he is!B. How+主谓局部（实义动词作谓语）！How he snores! （ how修饰动词）他鼾声如雷。How I hate exams!我真烦考试！名词性从句名词或名词短语主要充当四种成分：主语.宾语、表语和同位语11三种句子充当四种名词性成

5、分用一个完整的句子来充当另一个句子的某一名词性成分（主语、宾语、 表语或同位语），便构成了相应的名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句.表语从句或同位语从句）我们可以用三种句子来充当这四种成分：陈述句.一般疑问句或特殊 疑问句。（名词从句的本质）12陈述句分别充当四种句子成分（1）陈述句转换为名词性从句时，句首要加that1）主语从句That English is difficult （主语从句）is not my idea （谓语局部）.我不认为英语很难。更常见的是用it作形式主语置于句首，而将主语从句放在句末。It is obvious that he doesnz t understand En

6、glish.下面是一些常见的主语从句句型:It is +过去分词+that从句：支 s reported that.据报道It s believed that.人们相信It is generally thought that.人们普遍认为It should be noted that.应当注意It has been found that.现已发现It must be pointed out that. 必须指出It is +形容词+that从句:It is clear that.显然It is possible that.很可能It is likely that.很可能It is natura

7、l that.很自然It is certain that. 可以肯定It is strange that.奇怪的是It is fortunate that. 幸运的是It is necessary that. 有必要It is +名词短语+that从句：It is a pity that.可惜的是It is a fact that.事实是It is good news that真是太好了It is a good thing that真是件好事It is no wonder that.难怪It is a shame that.遗憾的是It is an honor that. 真荣幸It is c

8、ommon knowledge that是常识It is my belief that. 我相信It is a miracle that真是奇迹2)宾语从句I think (that) you are right.只有宾语从句中的that才可以省略，主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的that 一般不可以省略3）表语从句My idea is that the child should be sent to school.4 ）同位语从句所谓同位语，就是对另一个名词进行解释和补充说明的名词成分。当 我们用一个完整的陈述句来充当同位语时，即构成同位语从句。所以 同位语从句都是位于一个名词之后，形式上

9、便构成名词+that+陈 述句。The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.他的试验取得了成功，这让大家很高兴。同位语从句可能与所修饰的名词被其他成分隔开They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.A saying goes that practice makes perfect.俗话说熟能生巧。13 一般疑问句分别充当四种句子成分(1) 一般疑问句要变成陈述语序，并且用whether或if来作引导 词1）主语从句Whether he c

10、omes or not makes no difference to me. 他来不来对我来说无所谓。2）宾语从句I don t know if/whether he needs my help.我不知道他是否需要我帮助。3）表语从句My concern is whether he comes or not.我关心的是他到底来不来。4 ）同位语从句They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.他们面临是否应该继续干下去这个问题。(2)弓|导词用if还是whether) if 一般只用于引导宾语从句,而w

11、hether可引导包括宾语从句在 内的各种名词从句The question is if he will come.* (不用 if 引导表语从句)if不和or not直接连用,即一般不说if or not，但可以说if.or noto而whether没有此限制。a. I don t know if or not he will come.*I don t know whether or not he will come.14特殊疑问句分别充当四种句子成分(1 )特殊疑问句须转换成陈述句语序，不用倒装或疑问语序I have no idea when he will return .我不知道他何时

12、回来。(2)充当四种句子成分1）主语从句How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.对于一个人来说，重要的是如何掌握自己的命运而不是纠结于命运本 身。2）宾语从句The mother will buy whichever books her son wants.不管儿子喜欢哪本书，那位母亲都会买下。You should vote for which candidate you assume best.3）表语从句Money is what we are badly in need of.我们急需的是

13、钱。4 ）同位语从句The question who should go abroad on this business tour requires consideration.派谁去国外出差这个问题还有待商榷。树叶秋天会变黄。r ve got to return the book this afternoon; it falls overdue a week.今天下午我得还书，已经过期一个星期了。Bread is the stuff of life.民以食为天。(2)也可以用介词短语作表语Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.情人眼里出西施。(3)副词不能

14、用作表语(4 )在英语中，除了 be以外，还有其他系动词1)常见的单纯表示主语的特征、状态的feel look sound taste smell seem appearThe iron feels hot.这熨斗摸起来很烫。The rose doesnz t smell very sweet.这玫瑰花闻起来不是很香。2）表示主语由一种状态转变为另一种状态的（这些系动词与形容词 连用，通常具有固定的搭配关系）become grow get turn fall go comeOur supplies of sugar and rice fell short.我们的糖和米供应缺乏。The joke

15、s fell flat.这个玩笑毫无效果。fall asleep 睡着fall due 到期go hungry 挨饿go sour变酸go wrong 出错3）常见的表示主语保持某种状态的continue remain stay keep hold rest proveThe weather continued fine for several days.那几天，天气一直很晴朗。He held silent for the whole day.他一整天都沉默不语。You may rest assured that he will come to the party.尽管放心，他会来参加聚会的。

16、4）常见的近似于不及物动词的系动词sit act arrive blush marry die be bornMr. Bean often acted weird in public. （ Mr. Bean was weird when he acted in public.）在公共场合，憨豆先生经常表现出滑稽古怪的样子。All the audience sat silent.（不能用 silently ）整个观众席中鸦雀无声。He was born poor.他出生时，家里很穷。The boy blushed scarlet.那个男孩羞红了脸。I married young. (I was

17、young when I married.) 我很年轻时就结婚了。He died young. ( He was young when he died.) 他英年早逝。3主语+谓语+宾语subject+transitive verb+objectBeauty will buy no beef.(名词作宾语) 漂亮不能当饭吃。4主语+谓语+双宾语 subject+dative verb+indirect object+direct object有些动词后需要接两个宾语：一个指人的宾语，称之为间接宾语；一 个指物的宾语，称之为直接宾语。间接宾语和直接宾语共称为双宾 语。能这样使用的动词有三类（根据

18、间接宾语和介词的关系来分）：1）与give 一样，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需带介词to ,表 示间接宾语是动作的承受者。这样的动词有assign award bring deliver deny feed give grant hand lend offer owe pass pay promise post read recommend sell send show take write2 ）与buy 一样，当间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需带介词for,这 样的动词有book（预订）buy build change choose cook fetch find get keep make

19、prepare sing order3 ）有个别动词只用于这样的结构：主语+动词+间接宾语（+直接宾 语），而不能转换成带介词的结构。这样的动词有：charge , cost, bet等r II bet you ten dollars.我跟你赌10块钱。The repairman charged me ten dollars.修理工收了我10块钱。ask，间接宾语后移时，间接宾语前需带介词ofCan I ask you a question?Can I ask a question of you?5主语+谓语+复合宾语subject+factitive verb+object+object c

20、omplement(1)接复合宾语的动词常见的带复合宾语的动词有：appoint believe call choose consider declare elect feel find keep leave let make namenominate prove see suppose voteThey appointed John chairman.他们任命约翰为主席。I believe him to be true.我相信他是老实的。The chairman declared the meeting over.主席宣布会议结束。You can leave the door open.你可

21、以把门开着。(2)区分双宾语和复合宾语在宾语后加上be动词，假设能构成完整的句子，那么是补足语。第二节句子的种类英语句子按其用途可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种。6陈述句用来陈述事实、说明态度、阐述观点的句子The first step is always the hardest / the most difficult.万事开头难。Youz ve got a point there.你说得有道理。I made an enemy.我得罪了一个人。(陈述事实)7疑问句(1 )一般疑问句1)需要用yes或no来回答2 )语序一般为：助动词/系动词+主语+谓语/表语？Is this seat taken?这位置有人坐吗？(2)特殊疑问句1)用来对句子中某一局部进行提问，或者用来对句中某一具体内容提 问。总是涉及 who , what, which , where , when , why , how 其 中之一2 )语序一般为：疑问词+一般疑问句,或作主语的疑问词+谓语词What time is convenient for you?你什么时间方便？(3)选择疑问句