介词介词短语.pptx

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1、专题十介词和介词短语语法专题 介词和介词短语的考查要点 语法填空 语法与写作1介词和介词短语的考查要介词和介词短语的考查要点点介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at，in，for等；合成介词，等；合成介词，如如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短语介词，如等；短语介词，如according to，out of，becau

2、se of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等；等；双重介词，如双重介词，如from behind/above/under，until after等；分词介等；分词介词，如词，如considering，including，judging (from/by) 等。等。1介词搭配介词搭配(1)“动词介词动词介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示表示“夺去、除去夺去、除去”意意义的动词与义的动词与of

3、连用连用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示表示“供给供给”意意义的动词与义的动词与with连用连用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示表示“制作、制造制作、制造”意义的动词与意义的动词与of，from，into连用连用)介词介词the部位与动词的关系部位与动词的关系(动词动词sb.s部位，可换用部位，可换用)strike him on the head(表示表示“击；拍；碰；摸击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与意义的动词与on

4、连用连用)catch him by the arm(表示表示“抓；拉；拿；扯抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与意义的动词与by连用连用)hit the boy in the face(表示表示“肚；胸；眼；脸肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器等人体前部的器官名词与官名词与in连用连用)prevent(stop，keep)sb.from doing sth.(表示表示“阻止，禁止阻止，禁止”意意义的动词与义的动词与from连用连用)persuade(advise，warn)sb.into doing sth.(表示表示“说服；建议；说服；建议；警告警告”意义的动词与意义的动词与into连用连用)buy(l

5、eave，get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表示表示“得失得失”意义意义的动词与的动词与for连用连用)tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示表示“告知告知”意义的动词与意义的动词与to连用连用)give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth.to sb.(表示表示“授予授予”意义意义的动词与的动词与to连用连用)注意：注意：可换成可换成buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.双宾结构。双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest，explain，apolo

6、gize，murmur，whisper等与等与“对象对象”连用必须用连用必须用to)不可说不可说suggest sb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter回信，回信，sing(dance) to the music和和唱唱(跳跳)，amount to 达到，加起来有达到，加起来有，devote to把把贡献给，贡献给，drink to为为干杯，干杯，object to反对，反对，look forward to 渴望，渴望，come to苏醒，苏醒，belong to属于，属于，search for搜搜，ask

7、 for请求，请求，use.for用作，用作，leave for前往，前往，take.for误以为，误以为，call for要求，要求，wait for等待，等待，care for喜欢，喜欢，make up for弥补损失，弥补损失，turn to求助求助/救于，救于，help oneself to随意，随意，agree to同意，同意，compare.to把把比作，比作，send for派人派人去请去请/拿拿，sail for驶向，起航，驶向，起航，set out for动身去，动身去，go in for爱爱好好(3)常见常见“形容词介词形容词介词”搭配。搭配。worthy of值得的，值得

8、的，glad about sth.for sb.为某人某事高兴，为某人某事高兴，far from离离远，远，grateful to sb.for sth.为某事感激某人，为某事感激某人，free from没有没有/免除免除，proud of/take pride in自豪，自豪，satisfied with/by满意，满意，sure of/about确信，确信，fond of喜欢，喜欢，fit for适合，适合，busy with sth./in doing sth.忙着干某事，忙着干某事，full of充满，充满，ready for准备，准备，similar to相似，相似，wrong wi

9、th不对；有毛病不对；有毛病语法填空语法填空1Our opinions on language learning differ greatly each others in that respect.2Our teacher often asks us to retell stories our own words.3Ive promised to keep it secret，so I cant really tell you anything what you know already.4 time passing by，they have grown into big boys and

10、big girls.5What was the cause the fire? 题组训练1frominbeyondWithof2核心介词用法归纳与辨析核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词表示时间的介词in的用法如下。的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词一般用介词in，如：，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：还

11、可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。注意：at night/at noon，in the day(在白天在白天)，in the night(在夜间在夜间)。in five days(weeks，months，years)中中in意思是意思是“在在以后以后”。(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday mo

12、rningon Christmas Day(但但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Childrens Dayon March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening)of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：区别：in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night，on warm winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at，如小时、分钟等。，如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper，

13、lunch)，at sixat noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15，at the time of war(但但in time of danger/trouble)注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。有些时间名词前不接介词。next day，last Sunday，that morning，these yearsone，each，any，every，some，all修饰时，一般不用介词，如修饰时，一般不用介词，如some day，one day，all afternoon。(4)till，until的用法。的用

14、法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。词连用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 am.(不可用不可用to)注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用而用until。Not until 9 am.did Mr.Smith come back to school.(5)in，later，afterin一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来一段时间

15、：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示时连用；但表示“在在之内之内”时，用于各种时态。时，用于各种时态。一段时间一段时间later(later是副词是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。具体时间算起的一段时间后。after一段时间：表示一段时间：表示“在在之后之后”，用于一般过去时；但，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用时间为点时间时，只能用after，即，即after点时间，用于各种时态。点时间，用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduate

16、d in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，另外，in一段时间一段时间stime与与within一段时间的用法如下：一段时间的用法如下：in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表语作表语)Ill finish the bo

17、ok within two weeks.(withinin less than.用于用于各种时态，意为各种时态，意为“不超出，在不超出，在之内之内”)(6)地点介词地点介词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。at 在较小的场所，在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，在较大的场所，on在在的平面上。如的平面上。如at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wa

18、ll等。等。on，at，in，off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于地属于B地，地，用用in；A地位于地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接，用地的外面且有边缘衔接，用on；无边缘的衔接，；无边缘的衔接，用用to；A在在B附近，用附近，用off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内范围之内)Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻毗邻)The island lies off

19、the coast of China.(相隔一定距离相隔一定距离)across在物体表面在物体表面“穿过穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部则表示在三维空间内部“穿过穿过”。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over，above译作译作“在在之上之上”；under，below译作译作“在在的下面的下面”，其区别在于，其区别在于over，under表示一种直接的、表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而垂直的上下关系；而above，below则表示一般的则表示一般的“高于高于”或或“低于低于”，不一定是垂直

20、，不一定是垂直“在上在上”或或“在下在下”。A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线地平线)The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词表示方式、手段、工具的介词by the year/hour/day按年按年/小时小时/天。如：天。如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour)(按按bythe单位名称，但单位名称，但to the po

21、und按磅算，按磅算，to the ton按吨计按吨计)。表泛指的方式、手段表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail邮寄，邮寄，by telephone(radio)(但但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用电，用电，by machinery用电器，用电器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope交通工具类

22、交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicycle，on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water另外：另外：by means of 用用方法，方法，by way of 经由，取道于；经由，取道于；用用方法，方法，with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.s help(permission)。表方式、手段的其他用法表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具工具/机器机器)

23、One smells with his nose.(with人体器官，但人体器官，但by hand手手工，用手工，用手)He stood up with pride.(with情绪、情感、态度的名词情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如：。如：in English(ink，pencil)。另外如：。另外如：in high(good，low)spirits，in anger，in joy，in comfort，in sorrow，in safety，in danger，in need，in debt，in love，in fun，in pain，i

24、n tears，in surprise，in good(poor) health，in good order，in flower，in a way，in a low voice，in silence，in(with) satisfaction，in a hurry，in(with) words，live/feed on food，kneel on ones knee，take(catch) sb.by surprise(出其不意出其不意)(8)表示表示“除除之外之外”的常用词。的常用词。besides 除除以外以外(还有还有)。作副词时意思是。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况而且，更何况”。We

25、all went to the cinema besides Shaw.It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.except除去，除除去，除之外之外(不再有不再有)。We all went except John.在否定句中，两词可以换用。在否定句中，两词可以换用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for除了除了(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与从句，此时与“except

26、 that句子句子”意意思相同。思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了除了一点以外。一点以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but与与exceptbut和和except在表示在表示“除了除了以外以外”时可以通用，但应注意时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：以下三点：(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I

27、likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有前有do，后省，后省to)(C)but与一些固定结构连用。与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不，不得不，can not help but do sth.不得不不得不，but for.若不是若不是(9)between与与amongbetween通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者通常指

28、两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。之间的相互关系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作共同，合作)She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse

29、 can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之间。表示三者以上之间。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同一起，共同)London is among the largest cities.(one of与最高级连用与最高级连用)(10)表原因的介词表原因的介词for，because of，due to。He didnt

30、 come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.(11)不定式复合结构中的不定式复合结构中的for，of。这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或或of加上人或事，加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。It is c

31、lever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：两句中的两句中的of和和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of，如果说明不定式行为本，如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用身的性质、状态等则用for。(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。兼作连词和副词的介词。after，since，till/until，before这些词既是介词，又是连词。这些词既是介词，又是连词。The children wen

32、t home at once after school.(介词介词)They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词连词)in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介词可等介词可兼作副词。兼作副词。He ran down the hill.(介词介词)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副词副词)有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。All the students got to school before me.(介词

33、介词)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词连词)Havent I seen you before？(副词副词)(13)介词的省略。介词的省略。某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。要求接要求接to的名词有：的名词有：key，answer，visit，

34、entrance，apology，introduction，road等。等。The key to success is preparation.要求接要求接in 的名词有：的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。等。He is an expert in teaching small children.选词选词填空填空on the contrary，for the benefit of，in time，out of place，in favour of1China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _ a

35、ll its citizens.2The furniture，with its modern style and bright colors，suits modern houses and their gardens，but looks _ _ in the garden of a traditional home. 题组训练2for the benefit ofout of place3Thank God youre safe!I stepped back，just _ to avoid the racing car.4It wasnt a good thing；_，it was a hug

36、e mistake.5When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _ younger men.in timeon the contraryin favour of 2语法与写作语法与写作根据提示翻译下面的句子根据提示翻译下面的句子1结果，孩子们对父母变得如此依赖以至于他们没有独结果，孩子们对父母变得如此依赖以至于他们没有独立的思想和创造性的观点。立的思想和创造性的观点。(as a consequence)(2013福建福建书面表达书

37、面表达)_ As a consequence，children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thoughts or creative ideas.2相反，志愿者们迫不及待地想体验在那里的生活，因为他们相反，志愿者们迫不及待地想体验在那里的生活，因为他们已经厌倦了地球上的生活。已经厌倦了地球上的生活。(on the contrary) (2013广东广东基础基础写作写作)_3除了这些传统的活动外，我们有更宽范围的选择，例如旅游除了这些传统的活动外，我们有更宽范围的选择，例如旅游和走亲访友。和走亲

38、访友。(in addition to) (2013辽宁辽宁书面表达书面表达)_On the contrary，volunteers couldnt wait to experience the life there，for they are tired of the life on the earth.In addition to these traditional activities，we have a wider range of choices such as travelling and visiting our relatives or friends.4以我的观点，人们需要学会接

39、受现实并且要继续尝试。以我的观点，人们需要学会接受现实并且要继续尝试。(in my opinion) (2013北京北京开放作文开放作文)_5总之，能够在短时间内赢得他们的友谊是我一生当中最自总之，能够在短时间内赢得他们的友谊是我一生当中最自豪的事。豪的事。(in a word) (2013浙江浙江书面表达书面表达)_In my opinion，people need to learn to accept the reality and keep on trying.In a word，being able to win their friendship in a very short tim

40、e is the thing that I am proud of most in my life.3语法填空语法填空 Philip is 55 and blind.He has been blind since birth.He says he does not feel like he is missing anything because he cannot imagine 1. _sight is like.He can smell 2. _ rose，but he cannot tell 3. _ it is red，white，or blue.It does not matter

41、to him.He 4. _(enjoy) the beauty of the scent itself. People sometimes take pity 5. _him，but he tells them he is a contented man.He does not feel 6. _(cheat) by Mother Nature.The doctors never figured out why he was born blind.whataif/whetherenjoysoncheated But his life is not a bed of roses.It is m

42、uch 7. _(hard) for him to travel.He cannot drive，of course.He travels by bus.At home,8. _cannot just look out of the window to see what the weather is like，and then dress appropriately.He cant look at the clock on the wall to see what time it is.He uses his Braille watch 9. _a special radio for that. Philip has never seen a good movie or a bad TV show.He has no idea what a sunset or a full moon looks like.He is a great 10. _(music)；he plays the saxophone，but not in a band.harderheormusician