2023初高英语衔接讲义第05讲-冠词和名词（学生版+解析版）.docx

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1、第05讲冠词和名词冠词冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。a（an）叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词。a用在辅音（发音）之前，an用在元音（发音）之前。不定冠词的用法（1）不定冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。如：The Chinese Dream is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony, peace and development.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦，是一个和谐、和平和开展的梦。（2）表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。如：When the Ashle

2、ys tried to make her return, Mumbet consulted a lawyer, Theodore Sedgewick. 当 Ashleys 一家试 图让她回来时，Mumbet咨询了一个叫西奥多塞奇威克的律师。（3）用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间；用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。 如：Excuse me, is there a Mr Tailor living in the neighborhood? There is a parcel for him.一Sorry, but there is no such person here.一劳

3、驾，这个居民点住着一位名叫Tailor的先生吗？这里有他的包裹。对不起，这儿没有这么一个人。（4）不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又一”。如：She didnt like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。（5）表示单位时间内的频度，含有“每”的概念。The medicine is to be taken three times a day. 这药每天吃三次。（6）具有动作意义的名词在与have, take, make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时，前面要加不定冠词。如：t

4、ake a look 看一看；have a try 试一试。You had better go to the factory and have a look.你最好到厂里去看一看。（7）不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如：1. We Chinese all have an(agree) to develop science and technology.2. They havent made a(decide) where to spend their summer vacation.3. We assure you of our best(serve) to you.4. The guide

5、book is for that important(visit).5. Yuan Longping is one of the greatest (science) in China.6. That couple of French(music) work attracts us deeply.7. We can win the heated if we present the facts clearly, (argue)These Chinese(invent) names are difficult to remember, but their contributions are rea

6、lly great.8. To tell you the, the tour of the Movie Park was the highlight of our visit.(true)Boys, dont play with these(knife). They are dangerous.9. Suddenly, a lot of(leaf) were blown into the house.名词拔高版用单词的适当形式完成句子1. She has always been encouraged to swim to build up the(strong) of her muscles.

7、2. We should encourage our students to have(confident) in themselves.3. In(term)of money, the man was very rich, but he was not happy at all.4. The(disappear) of dinosaurs is caused by many factors.5. When the old man was hit by the car, all(passer-by) just stood by but only Jack came to rescue.6. T

8、he students were praised for their good(behave) in class.7. Today restaurants in Guangzhou stimulate(customer)appetite with over 1,000 offerings, each more delicious than the last.8. We look forward to your(settle) at an early date.9. There was a general(expect) that he would win.10. What do you thi

9、nk of the collection of(paint) by American artists?第05讲冠词和名词冠词冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。a（an）叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词。a用在辅音（发音）之前，an用在元音（发音）之前。不定冠词的用法（1）不定冠词a/an用在单数可数名词前表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。如：The Chinese Dream is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony, peace and development.“中国梦”是一个改善民生的

10、梦，是一个和谐、和平和开展的梦。（2）表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。如：When the Ashleys tried to make her return, Mumbet consulted a lawyer, Theodore Sedgewick. 当 Ashleys 一家试 图让她回来时，Mumbet咨询了一个叫西奥多塞奇威克的律师。（3）用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间；用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。 如：Excuse me, is there a Mr Tailor living in the neighborhood? There is a parcel

11、for him.一Sorry, but there is no such person here.一劳驾，这个居民点住着一位名叫Tailor的先生吗？这里有他的包裹。对不起，这儿没有这么一个人。（4）不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又一”。如：She didnt like the color of the two bags and asked for a third one.她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。（5）表示单位时间内的频度，含有“每”的概念。The medicine is to be taken three times a day. 这药每天吃三次。（6）具有动作意

12、义的名词在与have, take, make等构成短语表示一种短暂性的动作时，前面要加不定冠词。如：take a look 看一看；have a try 试一试。You had better go to the factory and have a look.你最好到厂里去看一看。（7）不定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。如：a waste of 浪费；all of a sudden 突然地；as a rule通常。It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.我突然想起我把她的生日给忘 了。 定冠词用法(1)特指某(些)人或

13、某(些)事物。如：The book on the desk is an English dictionary.Beijing is the capital of China.(2)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。如：Open the door, please.Jack is in the library.(3)上文提到过的人或事物。如：Yesterday Johns father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The sun rises in the east and sets in t

14、he west.(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China.January is the first month of the year.(6)用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。如：The nurse is kind to the sick.We should take good care of the old.(7)用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。如：the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air 等。(8)用在姓氏复数之前

15、，表示“某某一家人，“某某夫妇”。如：the Browns, the whites 等。 不用冠词的情况(1)某些专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如:China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love 等 o(2)名词前已有作定语用的 this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every 等代词时,不用冠词。如：That is my cap.I have some questions.Go down this street.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词。如：They are

16、 workers.We are students.(4)称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。如：I dont feel well today, Mother.Bush was made president of the U.S.(5)三餐饭的名称前，球类活动，学科和节目名词前，常不用冠词。如：I have lunch at home.He often plays football after class.We have English and maths every day.(6)在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词。例如：By air, at night, at home,

17、go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。名词 名词的数单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾构成，其主要变法如下：(1)般情况在词尾力口-s,例如:book-books, girlgirls, boy-boys, penpens, doctordoctors, boy一boys。(2)以 s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词加-es,例如：bus一buses, classclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, brushbrusheso(3)以 ce, se

18、, ze, (d) ge 结尾的名词加-s,例如：orangeorangeso(4)以辅音母加 y 结尾的词变y为 i再加-es,如：city-cities, factoryfactories, country-countries, family一families。但要注意的是以元音字母力口 y结尾的名词的复数形式只力口-s,如：boy一boys, day-days。(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es,如：hero一heroes, potatopotatoes, tomatotomatoes,但词末为两个元音 字母的词只加-s,如:zoozoos, radioradios,还有某些外来词也只加-

19、s,如：photophotos, pianopianos。(6)以 f 或 fe 结尾的词,多数变 f 为 v 再加-es,如：knife-knives, leaf-leaves, halfhalveso(7)少数名词有不规那么的复数形式，如：manmen, womanwomen, tooth-teeth, footfeet, childchildren, mouse 一 mice。【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。如：an Englishman, two Englishmen； （注意：German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germanso ）ma

20、n, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers, women teacherso有个别名词单复数一样，如：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish等。（注意：但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。）（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保存单数形式，中间加连字符。例如an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walko（10）有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers, clothes, chopsticks, gla

21、sses, goods, ashes, scissors, compasseso（ID只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名 词：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词：news, falls 复数词尾s （或es）的读音方法如下表所示：情况读法例词在等清辅音后Scups, hats, cakes在sz皿知国等音后izglasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces在血dgv等浊辅音后beds, dogs, cities, knives不可

22、数名词“量叩勺表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”，可以用以下两种方法:（1）用 much, a little, a lot of/ lots of, some, any 等表示多少，如：The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass ?I donft like winter because theres too much snow and ice.(2)用a piece of这类定语，如: a piece of paper, a pi

23、ece of wood, a piece of breada bottle of orange; a glass of water(milk); a cup of tea; a bag of rice; three bags of rice。如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，如:two cups of tea;four pieces of paper;three glasses of water. 名词的所有格名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。1 .表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加S,其复数形式是S)如: a students room;stude

24、nts rooms;fathers shoes o.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加k,如:Childrens Day。2 .表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用X,如: a twenty minutes walk;ten miles* journey;a boats length;two pounds* weight;ten dollars1 worth o.无生命名词的所有格那么必须用of结构，如:a map of China;the end of this term;the capital of our country;the color of the flower

25、s o3 .双重所有格,如:a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果两个名词并列的情况：分别有s,那么表示“分别有”,例如：John and Mary*s rooms （约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Tom*s and Marys bikes （两人各自的自行车）。只有一个s,那么表示“共有”，例如:John and Marys room （约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Marys mother （Tom 与 Mary 是兄妹）。检测训练冠词基础版一、单项选择I would like to be teacher when I grow up.A. aB. anC. t

26、heD. /【答案】A【解析】句意：当我长大后我想成为一名老师。考查冠词的用法。“成为一名老师”应用表泛指的不定冠词a或者an来表示。teacher是以辅音音素开头的单 词，故应选不定冠词a。应选A。1. What are you searching for on the Internet?一Im trying to buy MP3 player at low price.A. a; aB. an; theC. an; aD. the; the【答案】C【解析】句意：你在网上搜寻什么？ 我在尽力低价买一个MP3。考查冠词用法。根据句意可知，第一空表示泛指，应用a/an。MP3中是以元音音素开头

27、的单词，应 用an。“at a low price”意为“以低价”,为固定用法。应选C。2. 一Have you read a book called The Merchant of Venice ?一Yes.book is very interesting.A. AnB. AC. TheD. /【答案】C【解析】句意： 你读过一本叫威尼斯商人的书吗？ 是的。这本书是非常有趣的。考查冠词的用法。根据句意可知，“book”是上句提到加加“打凶加4W”/，是特指，故应填the。应选C。3. 一Shall we play basketball this afternoon?一Good idea! D

28、o you have basketball?A. the; aB. a; aC. /; /D. /; a【答案】D【解析】句意：我们今天下午打篮球好吗？ 好主意！你有篮球吗？考查冠词辨析。a不定冠词，表示泛指，用于以辅音音素开头的单词前；an不定冠词，表示泛指，用于以元 音音素开头的单词前；the表示特指等；/零冠词，用于球类运动和一日三餐等。空一用于球类运动之前，应 是零冠词；根据句意，空二表示泛指，且basketball是以辅音音素开头的单词，故不定冠词用于a。应选D。4. , 一Have you ever read the book The Adventures of Tom Sawye

29、r!一Yes, its really interesting book.A. aB. anC. theD. /【答案】B【解析】句意：你读过汤姆索亚历险记这本书吗？ 读过。它真的是一本很有趣的书。考查冠词。a不定冠词，表示泛指，用于辅音音素开头的词前；an不定冠词，表示泛指，用于元音音素开头 的词前；the定冠词，表示特指；/不填。根据句意，此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且interesting以元音音 素开头。应选Bo一Is AC Milan European football club?一Yes. Ifs one of most successful clubs in Italy.A. a;

30、 /B. a; theC. an; theD. an; /【答案】B【解析】句意：AC米兰是欧洲的一支足球俱乐部吗？ 是的。它是意大利最成功的俱乐部之一。考查冠词辨析。a/an均表示泛指，修饰单数名词；a用于辅音发音开头的词前，an用于元音发音开头的词 前。定冠词表特指或用于序数词以及形容词和副词的最高级前。根据题干，Eur叩ean以辅音音素开头，需 用不定冠词a； “one of the +最高级+复数名词”是固定用法，most successful是形容词最高级，需用定冠词修 饰，应选B。5. Britain is European country. However, Japan is A

31、sian country.A. a, anB. an, aC. a, aD. an, an【答案】A【解析】句意：英国是一个欧洲国家。然而，日本是一个亚洲国家。考查不定冠词的用法。a/an表示泛指,a用于辅音音素开头的单词前;an用于元音音素开头的单词前;European 是以辅音音素开头的单词，不定代词用a； Asian是以元音音素开头的单词，不定代词用an。应选A。6. Do you know lady talking with Mr Brown over there?一Yes, She is our new English teacher.A. /; theB. the; theC. a

32、;/D. the; /【答案】D【解析】句意： 你认识那边和布朗先生说话的那位女士吗？ 是的，她是我们的新英语老师。考查冠词。第一句中lady有后置定语“talking with Mr Brown over there”可知是特指，所以填定冠词the；形 容词性物主代词和冠词不可同时使用，根据。ur可知使用零冠词（/）；应选D。7. Jane,honest child, bought useful dictionary yesterday.A. a; aB. an; anC. a; anD. an; a【答案】D【解析】句意：简，一个老实的小孩，昨天买了一本有用的字典。此题考查不定冠词a, a

33、n在单词前面的用法。a一个，用在以辅音音素开头的单词之前，an用在以元音音素 开头的单词之前。第一空后hones俨老实的。以元音音素开头，用an,排除A和C。第二空处，useful为辅 音音素开头，用a,应选D。8. Heres 80-word article on how to wash hands, which was written by university student in Taizhou.A. a; anB. an; aC. an; anD. an; the【答案】B【解析】句意：这是一篇80字的关于如何洗手的文章，作者是台州的一名大学生。考查冠词辨析。不定冠词a/an修饰单数

34、名词表泛指：a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于以元音音素 开头的单词前；定冠词the表特指。本句80-word （80字的）以元音音素/ei/开头，需用an修饰；university 以辅音音素/V开头，需用a修饰；根据句意语法，应选B。9. Many children start to learn to play piano at an early age.A. aB. anC. theD. /【答案】C【解析】句意：许多孩子在很小的时候就开始学习弹钢琴。考查冠词。a不定冠词，表示类别，用于辅音之前；an不定冠词，表示类别，用于元音之前；the定冠词， 表示特指；/零冠词，不填。乐器前面

35、应加定冠词the,应选C。10. Lucy is an eleven-year-old girl and she goes to school on foot every day.A. anB. aC.不填【答案】C【解析】句意：露西是一个11岁的女孩，她每天步行上学。考查冠词。a/an一个，不定冠词，表泛指；/零冠词；根据句意理解可知，这里表达的是“步行”，英语是一 个固定短语。n foot,所以中间不需要用冠词，应选C。11. The genius boy, Laurent Simons, went to college at the age of twelve.A. aB. theC.

36、anD. /【答案】D【解析】句意：天才男孩劳伦特西蒙斯12岁上大学。考查冠词。a/an一个，不定冠词，表泛指；the定冠词，表特指；根据句意理解可知，这里表达的是“去上 大学”，英语是go to college,是一个固定短语，中间不需要用冠词，应选D。12. Look at book on that bookcase. Its interesting book.A. a; theB. the; anC. a; aD. the; a【答案】B【解析】句意：看书架上的那本书。它是一本有趣的书。考查冠词的用法。a不定冠词表泛指，用于辅音音素开头的词前；the定冠词，表特指；an不定冠词表泛指，

37、用于元音音素开头的词前；分析句子可知，第一处特指书架上的书，使用定冠词the；第二处表泛指是一本 有趣的书，又因为interesting首字母发元音音素，所以用an。应选B。13. The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all walks of life are workinghard for new Jiangsu.A. /; aB. /; theC. the; aD. the; the【答案】A【解析】句意：各行各业的人都在为新江苏而努力工作，这给这里的游客留下了深刻的印象。考查冠词。a一个

38、，不定冠词，表泛指；the定冠词，表特指；根据句意理解可知，第一个空修饰“人们”， 表示来自社会各阶层的人，不特指，所以不用冠词；而第二空表达“一个样的”，表示“一个”要用a waste of 浪费；all of a sudden 突然地；as a rule通常。It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.我突然想起我把她的生日给忘 了。一定冠词用法(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。如：The book on the desk is an English dictionary.Beijing is the capit

39、al of China.(2)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。如：Open the door, please.Jack is in the library.(3)上文提到过的人或事物。如：Yesterday Johns father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China.January i

40、s the first month of the year.(6)用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。如：The nurse is kind to the sick.We should take good care of the old.(7)用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。如：the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air 等。(8)用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人，“某某夫妇”。如：the Browns, the whites 等。不用冠词的情况(1)某些专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用

41、冠词。例如:China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love 等 o(2)名词前已有作定语用的 this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every 等代词时,不用 不定冠词，所以第二个空a new Jiangsu表示“一个崭新的江苏、应选A。14. Mike is honest boy and he often walks his dog after supper.A. a; theB. a; /C. an; aD. an; /【答案】D【解析】句意：迈克是一个老实的男孩，他经常晚饭后遛狗。考查冠

42、词。a/an都表示数量“一”，a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前而an用在以元音音素开头的单词前；the 表示特指。第一个空格所在的句子说的是：迈克是一个老实的男孩。因为honest是一个以元音音素开头的 单词，boy又是一个可数名词。所以“一个老实的男孩”可以表示为“an honest boy”，故第一个空为an；又因 为在三餐前不用冠词，所以第二个空格什么都不填。应选D。15. I like playing volleyball and my parents will buy me ball tomorrow.A. /B. anC. aD. the【答案】C【解析】句意：我喜欢打排球，我父母明天

43、会给我买一个球。考查冠词。a/an一个，不定冠词，表泛指；the定冠词，表特指；/零冠词；根据句意理解可知，这里表达的 是“一个球”，英语中应该用不定冠词，而空格后面的ball是辅音音标开头的单词，所以应该用a,应选C。 18 . 一This is really ugly bird.一But it is useful bird. It can help fishermen catch fish.A. an; aB. an; anC. a; a【答案】A【解析】句意：这真是一只丑的小鸟。但是它是一只有用的小鸟，它能帮助渔民捉鱼。考查冠词的用法。空处的句子表示泛指“一个”，用不定冠词an或a。an

44、用于发音以元音音素开头的词前,a 用于发音以辅音音素开头的词前。ugly发音的第一个音素是元音，而useful发音的第一个音素是辅音，应选 AoDear students, be confident of yourselves and complete the English paper carefully, and you911 get unexpected result through your efforts.A. aB. anC. /【答案】B【解析】句意：亲爱的同学们，请自信一点，认真完成英语试卷，努力就会有意想不到的结果。考查冠词。a/an一个，不定冠词，表泛指；根据句意理解可知，

45、这里空格修饰的是名词result,是一个可数 名词，所以这里应该用不定冠词，而空格后面的unexpected是元音音标开头的单词，所以这里应该用不定 冠词an,应选B。19. George Washington was honest boy that all the neighbors all trusted him.A. so anB. such anC. such a【答案】B【解析】句意：乔治华盛顿是一个如此老实的孩子以至于所有的邻居都信任他。考查such的用法。such+a/an+形容词+名词，又因honest发音是以元音音素开头的单词，故用不定冠词an, 综合分析，应选B。冠词拔高版

46、单项选择1. Li Hua has good knowledge of many foreign languages, and one of them is English which islanguage spoken by many people in the world.A. the; aB. a; theC. a; aD. the; the【答案】C【解析】考查冠词。句意：李华精通许多外语，其中之一是英语，这是世界上许多人说的一种语言。have a good knowledge。产是固定短语，意为“精通”，因此第一空是a；结合句意“这是世界上许多人说的一种语言” 是泛指，故应用不定冠词

47、修饰language。应选C。2. Ryan really had made difference to these children. He broke into joyful smile.A. the; theB. the; aC. a; theD. a; a【答案】D【解析】考查不定冠词。句意：Ryan真的给这些孩子们带来了改变。他愉快地笑了起来。make a difference 有影响，起重要作用，固定短语；smile笑容，此处用作可数名词，表示泛指，第二空用不定冠词a。应选 D项。3. Internet helps friendships.A. AnB. AC. /D. The【答案】D【解析】考查冠词。句意：互联网有助于友谊。Internet是独一无二的东西，因此前面用定冠词the,位于句 首，首字母大写，应选D。4. I couldnt remember exact date of the Pic