材料科学与工程专业英语短句词汇翻译前10课.doc

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1、Unit1：交叉学科 interdiscipline 介电常数 dielectric constant 固体性质 solid materials热容 heat capacity 力学性质 mechanical property 电磁辐射 electro-magnetic radiation材料加工 processing of materials 弹性模量（模数）elastic coefficient1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to un

2、derstand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties . 2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。Material engineering mainly to solve the problem and create material application. 3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Materials processing process is not only to de structure and de

3、cided that the material characteristic and performance. 4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Material mechanical properties with the extemal force or in de deformation of the load.Unit2：先进材料 advanced material 陶瓷材料 ceramic material 粘土矿物 clay minerals高性能材料 high performance material 合金 metal alloys 移植 implant to

4、玻璃纤维 glass fiber碳纳米管 carbon nanotub1、金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons，many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. 2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molec

5、ular structures. 3、半导体材料的典型特征介于导体材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors ( viz. metals and metal alloys ) and insulators ( viz. ceramics and polymers ). 4、生物材料不能产生毒性，并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterials must not produce t

6、oxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit3： 微观结构 microstructure宏观结构 macrostructure 化学反应 chemical reaction 原子量 atomic 电荷平衡 balanced electrical charge带正电子的原子核 positively charge nucleu 1、从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上完中物质均是由100多种院子组成的。These same 100 atoms form thousands of different subst

7、ances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings.2、事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。The strength of metals suggests that these atoms are held together by strong bonds.3、微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。Microstructure, which includes features that cannot be seen

8、 with the naked eye, but using a microscope. Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with the naked eye.4、原子核中质子和中子的量的综合就是原子量。The atomic weight of an atom indicates how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Unit4：相转变温度phase transformation temperatures比重specific gravity熔点the melting poi

9、nt重力加速度the acceleration of gravity 磁导率magnetic permeability热导率thermal conductivity 1. 化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Physical properties are those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. 2. 相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phase is a physical property of matter and ma

10、tter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and plasma . 3. 当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子任然连接在分子链上，从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。Instead , at some temperature below the melting point , they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable

11、 material. 4. 在工程应用中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值表示。In engineering applications , permeability is often expressed in relative , rather than in absolute , terms .Unit5： 实验样品 test specimen静负荷 static loading 作用力 applied force垂直轴 normal axis工程应变 engineering strain 临界应力 critical stress屈服强度 yield strength应力面积 stress a

12、rea应力-应变曲线 stress-strain curve 1. 通常，温度低于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。Temperature above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys. 2. 从材料的角度来说，盈利是一种在材料内部所分布的力，他可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生相互作用。From the perspective of what is happening within a material , stress i

13、s the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it. 3. 工程应变可定义为：所施加立方向上的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material . 4. 高强度和高延展性的材料比

14、低强度和地延展性的材料的韧性高。A material with high stress and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and low ductility Unit6：国内生产总值GDP市场经济market economies社会问题societal issues经济指数economic index卫生保健health cane材料科学与工程MSE国民生产总值GNP人口增长率population grouth rate1、 然而，随着时间的变化，人类的革新与创造力，工程师

15、满足社会需求的能力和建立工程企业的精神是永恒不变的。However，some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineers ability to address societal needs , and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering. 2、 我们可以看到医学、通信学和运输工业的革命给我们生活带来的变化。 We have witnessed the re-shaping of our lives throu

16、gh revolution that have taken place in medicine, telecommunications, and transportation industries.3、 18%的世界人口缺少安全饮用水，几乎40%缺少环境卫生设施。 Eighteen percent of the worlds population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no access to sanitation.4、 材料与社会是相互联系的，并且我们应当认为材料科学工程的发展与影响人类生存条件的全球社会

17、问题存在密切的关系，这是唯一理性的看法。 Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit7：离域电子 delocalized electrons 电子结构 e lectrical structure碱土金属a lkali-earth metals

18、 核电荷 nuclear charge 化学电池 electrochemical cell 核电荷 nuclear charge 导电性 e lectrical conductivity价带 valence bands离子晶格 the ion latti 1、金属有时被描述为由游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.2、通常地，金属具有良好的导电性和导热性，具有金属光泽，密度较大，并且具有在压

19、力下变形而不会断裂的能力。Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving. 3、合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物，其中主要组分为金属。An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a

20、metal.4、不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质，从而产生所需要的性能。Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produe desirable characteristics.Unit8：面心立方晶体结构 face-centered cubic涡轮入口温度 TIT核反应堆 nuclear reactor金属材料 metallic material相稳定性 phase stability纳米粒子的合成 nanoparticle synthesi

21、s1、典型的超耐热合金具有奥氏体的面心立方晶体结构。Superalloys typically hae an austenitic face-centered cubic crystal structure.2、根据超耐热合金的性质，超耐热合金的产品可以在高温和腐蚀环境中得到应用。 Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion/oxidation resistance.3、超耐热合金主要用于航天工业、潜水、核反应堆、军用发动机等方面。 The largest appl

22、ications of superalloys are the following: artcraft and industrial gas turbines; rocket engines; space vehicles; submarines; nuclear reactors; military electric motors and so on.4、高温下气态的氯化铝或氟化铝可以从超耐热合金内部转移到表面。 Unit9：保护膜 protective film自由电子 free electrons金属离子 metal cations电路 circuit电子转移 electron tran

23、sfer正极反应 anodic reaction1、 金和银这类金属在自然界中是以金属状态存在的，在环境中它们不容易被腐蚀。 Gold and silver can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to corrode.2、 氧化过程中从金属中夺取电子，而还原过程中金属得电子。 Oxidation is the process of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an

24、electron is added to an atom.3、 当金属表面处于湿润状态之后，在表面上的水层中会发生正负极之间的粒子转移，这就是腐蚀。 If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water layer between the anode and cathode.4、 通常情况下腐蚀的种类是根据被腐蚀后金属的外观来进行划分的。 Corrosion is commonly classified based on the appearance of

25、 the corroded material.Unit10:玻璃转变温度 glass transition temperature应力分布 stress distribution玻璃光纤 glass optical fiber固体氧化物燃料电池 solid oxide fuel cell离子共价键 ionic-covalent bonding热膨胀系数 coefficient of thermal expansion材料科学与工程 material science and engineering电子显微镜 electron microscope1、 作为陶瓷的金刚石是所知的材料中具有最高导热性

26、的材料。Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.2、 陶瓷的压缩强度大于拉伸强度，而金属的压缩强度与拉伸强度相当。 Ceramics are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strengths.3、 尽管陶瓷与复合材料结合可以显著地改善陶瓷的韧性，但是在通常情况下陶瓷的韧性比

27、较差。 Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.4、 陶瓷产品的功能取决于它们的化学组成和微观结构，正是这些化学组成与微结构决定着它们的性能。 The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.