2022年中考英语名词讲解与练习 .pdf

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1、名词表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！一、名词的分类名词类别意义例词专有名词表示具体的人名、 事物、国家、地名、机构、团体等的专有名称Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall 普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人的人或事物girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country 集合名词表示一群人或一些事物的总称people, police, team, clothes, group, crew 不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质water, ice, pork,

2、 cheese, cotton, broccoli 抽象名词表示抽象概念的词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care 注： 1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“ the ”，但它不大写。3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer（） -a beer （） ，work（）- a work （）glass（）-a glass （） ，room（）-a room（）二、 名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人

3、或物称为可数名词。1、 可数名词有单、 复数两种形式： 可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a 或 an” ； 复数形式是在名词后加“ -s或-es” 。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：当名词为：词尾变化读音例词一般情况加 s 在清辅音后读/s/ chips, jeeps, pats , clocks在浊辅音或元音后读 /z/ boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的单词加 es /iz/ watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o 结尾的单词加 s 或 es /z/ zoos,

4、 photos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词去 y 变 i加 es /z/ dictionar ies, strawberries, 以 f 或 fe 结尾的单词去 f 或 fe 变 v 加es /vz/ leaves, wiv es, halves以 th 结尾的词加 s /ez/; /z/mouths, paths; months, deaths2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. man-men, woman women, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, m

5、ouse-mice 单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctor men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 6 页注意 : 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,sci

6、ssors, etc; 有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数 (其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news 3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1) 同一个词 ,变成复数形式, 意义不同。 eg. food 食物 - foods （） ，time 时间- times （） ，green 绿色-greens 青菜(2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope -hopes 希望har

7、dship - hardships 艰苦(3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个 量词 +of 来表示eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, 三、名词的所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+s；另一种是用of, 表示“ 的” 。1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾+s。 eg. Mr. Mott s robot, children s clothes(2) 以 s 结尾的名词所有格只在词尾+ eg. teachers books(3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名

8、词后+ s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面+s。eg. Lucy and Lily s room. (指) Mrs Green s and Mrs Brown s son. (指) (4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略eg. the doctor s (office) Mr. Whites2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。eg. the wall of the classroom ，a picture of the bedroom ，(2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of 短语表示。eg. a long story of a 50-y

9、ear-old man (4) 双重所有格eg. the big nose of Tom s_；他的一个朋友_ (5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格。eg. ten minutes walk, today s newspaper例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories 2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. or

10、anges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges 3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minute s walkC. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk 4. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and appl

11、es B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples 6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. room s number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room 8. _ mothers couldn t go

12、 to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 6 页A. Mary and Peter s B. Mary and PeterC. Mary s and Peter D. Mary s and Peters9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncle s C. her uncles D. aunt s 10. He is a su

13、ccess as a leader but he hasn t _ in teaching.A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience 11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters12. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans

14、C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 13.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be 14. “ Would you like _?” “ _, please.”A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees 15. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also t

15、he flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions 练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！选择最佳答案：1 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost. A. child, lives B. children, life C. c

16、hildren, lives D. child, life 2. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked! A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother 3. The new student is in _ , Grade Two. A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D.

17、Three class 4. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers 5. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride. A.half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half 6. - What would you

18、like to drink, girls? - _, please. A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees 7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks 8. Some _ are flying kites near the river. A. child B. boy C. boys

19、D. childs 9. After the exam, well have_ holiday. A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks 10. They are those _ bags.Please put them on the bus. A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors 11.- How many workers are there in your factory? - There are two _. A. hundreds B. hundred C. hund

20、red of D. hundreds of 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 6 页12. -What do you think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven? - It sounds really wonderful. A. subject B. music C. book D. animal 13. There is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge. A. place B. room C. field D. gr

21、ound 14. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating it A. Wool B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk 15. If you dont take more _, youll get fat. A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise 16. My school is about twenty _ walk from here. A. minute B. minutes C. minutess D. minutes 17. Mum, I have _ to tell

22、you! A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good news 18. Which is the _ to the post office? A. street B. way C. road D. address 19. I stayed at _ last Sunday. A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncles D. my uncles family 20. Maths _ not easy to learn. A. are B. is C. am D. were 冠词

23、冠词分为不定冠词 (a, an )和定冠词(the) 知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！一、不定冠词的用法1)用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类：例如：She is a girl. Pass me an apple , please. 2)、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如：A boy is waiting for you We work six days a week. 3). 表示“ 一” 这个数量 ,但数的概念没有one 强烈 .例如 : We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow. I have a mouth

24、 , a nose, two eyes and two ears. 4). 用于某些固定的词组中.例如 : a few, a little, a lot of 注: 用 a 还是 an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头. 二、定冠词的用法1) 特指某 (些)人或某 (些)物.例如 : the photo of the boy 2) 指双方都知道的人或物.例如 : -Where are the new books, Jim? - They are on the small table. 3) 指上文提过的人或物.例如 : Today he is making a machine. He

25、 wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly it like a plane. 4). 用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如 : The sun is bigger than the moon. 5). 用在序数词或形容词最高级前.例如 : 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 6 页The first truck is carrying a few baskets. The third one is carrying the fewest of all. 6). 用在由普通名词构成

26、的专有名词前.例如 : the Great Wall the North Street Hospital 7). 用在一些习惯用语中.例如 : in the morning (afternoon, evening), on the left(right) at the end of 三、不用冠词的情况1）在专有名词前和不可数名词前。例如：China, Grade Two, Bill Smith, milk 2）名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any 等代词。例如：The letter is in her pocket. I think the sho

27、p is closed at this time of day. 3）复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如：My father and mother are teachers. I like cakes. 4）在星期、月份、季节、节日前。例如：It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc.) Today is Mid-Autumn Day. It is cold in winter. 5）在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Uncle Wang likes making things. What colour are Mrs Green s shoes?6）在三餐饭和球类运动

28、的名称前。例如：He went to school after breakfast. Can you play basketball? 注：在某些固定词组中，如：at home, by bus, go to school 等的名词前不用冠词。冠词用法口诀一、定冠词的用法。特指双熟悉，上文已提及；世上独无二，序数最高级；某些专有名，习语及乐器。以上口诀归纳了用定冠词的一般情况，即：特指某些人或物谈话双方都熟悉的人或事上文已经提到的人或事世界上独一无二的事物前序数词回形容词最高级前某些专有名词前一些习惯短语（如：in the day 等）中和乐器前（如：play the violin / pian

29、o ）。二、不用冠词的集中情况。下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前；专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭；复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前；颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。以上口诀主要概括了一般应“免冠”的几种情况，即：名词前已有作定语用的this 、that 、some、any、my等限定词。专有名词和不可数名词前。表示学科的（如： maths、Chinese 、physics ）名词前。球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。复数名词表示泛指（一类人或事）时。 节日、季节、星期、月份前。表示颜色（如：Its red / yellow.） 、 语种 （如：speak English/Japanese）和国家的非全

30、称名词（如：We live in China. They come from America.）。在称呼或表示头衔的名词前。某些习惯短语中（如：in bed 、go to school等）。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 6 页例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. _ milk is food. _ milk in this cup has gone bad. 2. -Do you like playing _ football? -Yes. But I have only _ basketball. 3. Do you

31、 know _girl on _another side of _ lake? 4. There s _ “ u” and _ “ s” in _work “ use”.5. She says _animals cant s live without _air, either. 6. His father, who is _honest man, is teaching in _ university. 7. Which is heavier, _elephant or _ horse? 8. _ cold wind was blowing from the north. 9. He is a

32、lways ready to help _ old and _ young. 10. _ Greens are traveling in _ South China. 11. Although _ most of us like to drink beer, those who drink _most are _ least healthy. 12.Xiaomei saw _ interesting film last night. _ film was about _ kind doctor. 13. You can have _ second try if you fail _ first time. 14. Tom went to _ school as usual, but he didn t know his father went to _school for a parent meeting. 15. _ knowledge begins with _ practice. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 6 页