抑郁症英文介绍(6页).doc

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1、- Depression-The Mental Illness what is depression Depression is a mental health disorder , a psychiatric condition，characterized by sadness ,loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth ,disturbed sleep or appetite ,feelings of tiredness , and poor concentration. Specifically,i

2、t is a mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood in which there is a feeling of sadness and lost of interest. Depression is different from the fluctuations in mood that we all experience as a part of a normal and healthy life. Temporary emotional responses to the challenges of everyday li

3、fe do not constitute depression. According to the US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC),8% of people over the age of 12 years has depression in any two-week period. The World Health Organization (WTO)puts depression at the top of the list -it is the most common illness worldwide and th

4、e leading cease of disability.The organization estimates that 350 million people around the world are affected by depression. Major Depressive disorderMajor depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a characterized by at least two weeks of that is present across most situations.

5、 It is often accompanied by low , in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and without a clear cause.People may also occasionally have or .Some people have periods of depression separated by years in which they are normal while others nearly always have symptoms present. Major depressive disord

6、er can negatively affects a persons family, work or school life, sleeping or eating habits, and general health. Between 2-7% of adults with major depression die by , and up to 60% of people who die by suicide had depression or another .The cause is believed to be a combination of , environmental, an

7、d psychological factors. Risk factors include a family history of the condition, major life changes, certain medications, , and .About 40% of the risk appears to be related to genetics .The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the persons reported experiences and a . There is no labora

8、tory test for major depression. Testing, however, may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms.Major depression should be differentiated from which is a normal part of life and is less severe.The (USPSTF) recommends screening for depression among those over the age 12,

9、 while a prior found insufficient evidence for screening.Typically, people are treated with and .Medication appears to be effective, but the effect may only be significant in the most severely depressed. It is unclear whether medications affect the risk of suicide. Types of counselling used include

10、(CBT) and . If other measures are not effective (ECT) may be tried. Hospitalization may be necessary in cases with a risk of harm to self and may occasionally occur against a persons wishes.Major depressive disorder affected approximately 253million (3.6%) of people in 2013. The percentage of people

11、 who are affected at one point in their life varies from 7% in Japan to 21% in France. Lifetime rates are higher in the (15%) compared to the (11%).It causes the second most after . The most common time of onset is in a person in their 20s and 30s. Females are affected about twice as often as males.

12、 The added major depressive disorder to the (DSM-III) in 1980. It was a split of the previous in the DSM-II which also encompassed the conditions now known as and . Those currently or previously affected may be .What are the signs and symptoms of depression?depression may be triggered by stressful l

13、ife events, other illnesses, certain drugs or medications, or inherited traits. although causes of depression are not entirely understood, we know it is linked to an imbalance in brain chemistry. once the imbalance is corrected, symptoms of depression generally improvePeople with depressive illnesse

14、s do not all experience the same symptoms. The severity, frequency and duration of symptoms will vary depending on the individual and his or her particular illness.Symptoms include:Persistent sad, anxious or empty feelingsFeelings of hopelessness and/or pessimismFeelings of guilt, worthlessness and/

15、or helplessnessIrritability, restlessnessLoss of interest in activities or hobbies once pleasurable, including sexFatigue and decreased energyDifficulty concentrating, remembering details and making decisionsInsomnia, earlymorning wakefulness, or excessive sleepingOvereating, or appetite lossThought

16、s of suicide, suicide attemptsPersistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps or digestive problems that do not ease even with treatment All of these symptoms can interfere with your quality of life. Even if you dont have major depression , if you have experience a few of these symptoms for at least tw

17、o weeks you may have less severe form of depression that still requires treatment. the symptoms of slight and major depressionDepression is a medical condition in which a person feels very sad and anxious and often has physical symptoms.Slight depression could be a portion of major depression, so th

18、e criteria for this disease are important to consider and examine for people with the problem. If the depression is only minor, it will not have all of the components of major depression and therefore would be treated differently from the more serious version of the disease.The most common diagnosti

19、c criteria are encapsulated in the mnemonic device SIGECAPS. They are in the order of the letters, Sleep problems, lack of Interest, Guilty feelings, lack of Energy, problems with Concentration, Appetite and weight disturbances, Psychomotor retardation, and Suicidal thoughts or actions. If a person

20、has five or six items in this criteria it is very likely that they have major depression and they should be treated for it. If they only have one or two of them they might have a less serious version of the disease, but it still may require treatment. The only difference is that it could be more min

21、or. By asking about these different symptoms, people perform a basic diagnosis test to evaluate themselves or their patients.The symptoms of serious to may be very debilitating to a patient and identification of the problem is the first step to a full recovery. The condition of depressive disorders

22、is prevalent through all walks of life and it is expected that the majority of persons will experience symptoms of depression at least once in the course of their life. However, since most people experience these symptoms at some point, extended research has been done to determine the best way to tr

23、eat these specific conditions and many solutions are available to sufferers. To the tissues, which raises the carbon dioxide level, causing general Depression. Associated conditionsMajor depression frequently with other psychiatric problems. The 199092 (US) reports that half of those with major depr

24、ession also have lifetime and its associated disorders such as . Anxiety symptoms can have a major impact on the course of a depressive illness, with delayed recovery, increased risk of relapse, greater disability and increased suicide attempts.American neuroendocrinologist similarly argues that the

25、 relationship between stress, anxiety, and depression could be measured and demonstrated biologically.There are increased rates of alcohol and drug abuse and particularly dependence, and around a third of individuals diagnosed with develop comorbid depression. and depression often co-occur.Depressio

26、n may also coexist with (ADHD), complicating the diagnosis and treatment of both.Depression and often co-occur. One or more pain symptoms are present in 65% of depressed patients, and anywhere from 5 to 85% of patients with pain will be suffering from depression, depending on the setting; there is a

27、 lower prevalence in general practice, and higher in specialty clinics. The diagnosis of depression is often delayed or missed, and the outcome worsens. The outcome can also worsen if the depression is noticed but completely misunderstood.Depression is also associated with a 1.5- to 2-fold increased

28、 risk of , independent of other known risk factors, and is itself linked directly or indirectly to risk factors such as smoking and obesity. People with major depression are less likely to follow medical recommendations for treating and preventing cardiovascular disorders, which further increases th

29、eir risk of medical complications. In addition, cardiologists may not recognize underlying depression that complicates a cardiovascular problem under their care.ManagementThe three most common treatments for depression are psychotherapy, medication, and electroconvulsive therapy. Psychotherapy is th

30、e treatment of choice (over medication) for people under 18. The UK (NICE) 2004 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be used for the initial treatment of mild depression, because the risk-benefit ratio is poor. The guidelines recommend that antidepressants treatment in combination wit

31、h psychosocial interventions should be considered for:People with a history of moderate or severe depressionThose with mild depression that has been present for a long periodAs a second line treatment for mild depression that persists after other interventionsAs a first line treatment for moderate o

32、r severe depressionLifestyle is recommended for management of mild depression, and has a moderate effect on symptoms. Exercise has also been found to be effective for (unipolar) major depression. It is equivalent to the use of medications or psychological therapies in most people. In the older peopl

33、e it does appear to decrease depression.Exercise may be recommended to people who are willing, motivated, and physically healthy enough to participate in an exercise program as treatment.There is a small amount of evidence that skipping a nights sleep may improve depressive symptoms, with the effect

34、s usually showing up within a day. This effect is usually temporary. Besides sleepiness, this method can cause a side effect of or .In observational studies has benefits in depression as large as or larger than those of medicationsRangeMajor depressive disorder affects approximately 253million peopl

35、e in 2013 (3.6% of the global population).The percentage of people who are affected at one point in their life varies from 7% in Japan to 21% in France.In most countries the number of people who have depression during their lives falls within an 818% range. In North America, the probability of havin

36、g a major depressive episode within a year-long period is 35% for males and 810% for females.Major depression to be about twice as common in women as in men, although it is unclear why this is so, and whether factors unaccounted for are contributing to this. The relative increase in occurrence is re

37、lated to pubertal development rather than chronological age, reaches adult ratios between the ages of 15 and 18, and appears associated with psychosocial more than hormonal factors. Depression is a major cause of worldwide.People are most likely to develop their first depressive episode between the

38、ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60.The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as , , or , and during the first year after childbirth.It is also more common after cardiovascular illnesses, and is related more to

39、a poor outcome than to a better one.Studies conflict on the prevalence of depression in the elderly, but most data suggest there is a reduction in this age group. Depressive disorders are more common to observe in urban than in rural population and the prevalence is in groups with stronger socioeconomic factors i.e. homelessness.-第 6 页-