including用法总结(4页).doc

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1、-including用法总结-第 4 页Including 用法（1）RON说过：the comma + ing modifier should only be used when:(A)it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause;AND(B)one of the following is true:(1) the ing action is SIMULTANEOUS with the main action;- i ran down th

2、e sidewalk, flapping my arms wildly(2) the ing action is a DIRECT CONSEQUENCE of the main action.- i got a 100 on the most recent exam, bringing my average up to 91other examples:joe ran down the sidewalk, flailing his arms. correct (simultaneous)my cousin took extra classes every semester in colleg

3、e, graduating in three years. correct, because the ing is an actual consequence of the first action.my cousin ate frozen food every day in college, graduating in three years.- incorrect, because there is no relationship (in particular, the second thing is not a consequence of the first thing, and is

4、nt simultaneous either).所以那个including不可能修饰authenticity，要不修饰前面句子，要不句子主语作伴随；但是如果根据（1）说的，那么有时候including修饰前面句子和主语作伴随不合理；（2）但是RON又说过：important:INCLUDING is an EXCEPTION to the otherwise robust rules for comma+ing modifiers.when you see comma + including, you should think of including as a preposition, no

5、t as an -ing modifier. therefore, including X will become a prepositional phrase that describes the stuff preceding the comma.即吖RON说，including可以作介词，可以不一定修饰前面句子或名词，或伴随；是 ., V-ing 的一个例外exception。即RON: comma + including can stand for the preceding NOUN - or the preceding NOUN + MODIFIERS, if there are

6、modifiers attached to the noun. 例题：GWD-29-Q10与GWD-3-Q3(新PREP1#215)对比Including修饰instructionsThe principal feature of the redesigned checks is a series of printed instructions that the company hopes will help merchants confirm a checks authenticity, which includes reminders to watch the endorsement, c

7、ompare signatures, and view the watermark while holding the check to the light.A. which includes reminders to watch the endorsement, compare signatures, and viewB. which include reminders for watching the endorsement, to compare signatures and viewC. by including reminders for watching the endorseme

8、nt, comparing signatures, and viewingD. including reminders to watch the endorsement, comparing signatures and viewingE. including reminders to watch the endorsement, compare signatures, and view选项分析：including修饰前面句子，特别修饰instructions！只有这样才合理，因为A中which修饰authenticity，逻辑上不合理！所以如果which修饰instructions的话，才符

9、合逻辑，但是这样includes又跟instructions不一致；关键在于逻辑意思！看看which就近那个词修饰合不合理，然后向前找；A which应该指代instructions，includes主谓不一致；B for watching, to compare signatures and view不平行C by 在including前面的用法不对。其实本题用平行很容易快速选出选项。D. to watch, comparing signatures and viewing不平行E Correct. including should modify instructions and not a

10、uthenticity.GWD-3-Q3(新PREP1#215)Including修饰remediesA study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupp

11、ing season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.A. which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closingB. which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closingC. which include the establishment of size limits for shark c

12、atches, the closing ofD. including establishing size limits for shark catches, closingE. including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of 题目释义：A study urged to，including，closing，and requiring.考点：句子结构（grammatical construction） 逻辑意思（logical predication）1. 定语从句

13、关系代词which的指代2. 现在分词表伴随功能动作时，与句子谓语同时发生，逻辑主语等于句子主语。3. and平行结构。4. limit做动词时的固定搭配：limit to + 界限；limit on doing sth.(做某事的限制) 名词：size limits 大小、规模限制5. urge的固定搭配：urge sb. to do sth.6. shark catches: 捕鲨量，此处catch意为a quantity of fish that has been caught at one time选项分析：A. which离其逻辑上所指的remedies太远，且如果指代remedie

14、s不该用单数includes；the establishment of不如动词establishing简洁，而且与后面的closing不平行。B. which和includes错误同A；limits to the size of sharks that can be caught不够简洁，直接用size limits和shark catches就行C. which错误同A；the establishment of和the closing of名词短语不简洁且和requiring不平行D. Correct；including修饰remedies，including是介词，其跳跃能力比which强E. limits to the size of sharks that can be caught不够简洁，直接用size limits和shark catches就行；the establishment of和the closing of名词短语不简洁且和requiring不平行