概要写作--分类讲解(12页).doc

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1、-概要写作分类（叙述类&论说类）讲解1. 叙述类文章【文本分析】叙述类文章主要叙事，即讲述一个故事，往往涵盖5WH（Who, What, When, Where, Why, How）等信息，根据故事的情节发展（Plot Development），文本基本可以分成五个部分：l 引入（Exposition）：作为故事的开端，主要交代故事的背景（时间、地点、主要人物、矛盾冲突等）；l 发展（Rising action）：故事矛盾冲突不断变化发展的过程；l 高潮（Climax）：故事矛盾冲突的转折点，故事最紧张的部分；l 结局（Falling action）：故事发展的结局，矛盾冲突的最终解决；l 尾

2、声（Resolution）：故事结局的影响，以及作者的总结、思考。其中，“尾声”部分并不属于情节发展的必要部分，因此并非所有叙述类文章都具备。【概要写作步骤】 根据情节发展的阶段，将文本分成四到五个部分。 圈划符合该部分功能、推动情节发展的主要内容，用一句话进行总结。 用精炼的语言连接，润色每个部分的概述性句子。 认真检查，自检标准：5WH【例题解析】Meet The Member Who Quit SugarWhen I was 15, I weighed 100 kg.I was a size 20+and hated the way I looked. I was a serial bi

3、g eater and quite depressed. I would sit in front of the fridge, eat something, move to the cupboard, eat a packet of chips, and move back to the fridge.It was a heartbreaking cycle of hate and food. I didnt feel confident, pretty, or worthwhile.Shopping made me cry, I avoided mirrors, and my social

4、 life came to an end. I actually lost friends because they told me I was antisocial. It became so bad that I wanted to abuse myself; my skin and my mind became my enemy. 引入部分概括句：Before quitting sugar, she was low-spirited about her overweightBut then, I turned my life around. I quit sugar.It started

5、 with my mum. She staged anintervention(干预) that made me cry. I wanted to change -I needed to change - and she could see how unhappy I was.She put me onto a diet that mostly aimed to schedule meals, and - to my shock horror - cut out all processed sugar. It was so hard at first. I remember the shame

6、 of sneaking chocolate and candies when the three oclock hunger hits. 发展部分概括句：Then her mom stepped in and required her to follow a diet to quit sugar. But she didnt feel comfortable initially.But the weeks kept coming and it just got easier. I stopped eating sugar, and I stopped loving it; simple as

7、 that.I substituted chips and biscuits for fruit and nuts, and had cup-of-soups after school when I was hit by the desire. I also had more energy, having a 20-minute walk with my dog into my everyday routine; I began to love that personal time. Cutting out sugar gave me so much more control over my

8、body, and my outlook on life improved. So many people are intimidated by the words “quit sugar”. Its not true. Fruit, honey, et cetera are natural sugars, and believe me, they fuel you better than chocolate bars ever could. 高潮部分概括句：She was gradually used to eating and living healthily.Now Im 17, tur

9、ning 18, and I weigh 70 kg. I still struggle with my weight, but this is where I sit naturally, and I am very proud of myself. I never thought I would be confident enough to wear dresses or skirts, and take leadership roles to put myself out there and develop my social skills. 结局部分概括句：With her weigh

10、t lost, she has felt better and regained confidence.I could never have done it without the support of my friends and family, and I urge everyone who wants to do right by themselves and change their diet - quitting sugar or otherwise - to share their decision with people. Develop a support network,on

11、line or offline, which can offer you advice or pick you up when youre down.And I can assure you, from my own personal experience, your body will thank you, and you will thank yourself too. 尾声部分概括句：To do this right, we need to take action and seek support.Possible version of the summaryPassage ABefor

12、e quitting sugar, she was low-spirited about her overweight. Then her mom stepped in and required her to follow a diet to quit sugar. Despite initial discomfort, she was gradually used to eating and living healthily. With her weight lost, she felt better and regained confidence. To do this right, we

13、 need to take action and seek support. (59 words)Passage BAfter experiencing a lot of heartbreaking moments due to her overweight, the author made up her mind to go diet by quitting sugar. She turned to her mother and healthy food. After struggling with her weight and sugar-eating habit, now she has

14、 lost 30 kg and feels much better than ever before. Her experience is to take action and support. (60 words)2. 论说类文章1）现象分析型【文本分析】该类型文章主要围绕某一现象进行分析、说明或评论，此类文章的典型结构及内容要点见下表：文本结构内容要点说明第一部分呈现现象的具体表现文本中的具体例子和数据不需要写入概要，但总结性的展开说明则需要第二部分分析或说明1. 主题句2. 展开说明的支持性细节，如方式、影响等第二部分评论及其他信息积极/负面/谨慎的评论1. 如与前文内容重复，可不写入概

15、要2. 本部分可能不出现在文本中【概要写作步骤】 根据此类文章的基本结构，将文本分为三个部分。 圈划各个部分的内容要点。 撰写概要。概要由以下三个部分组成：l 第一部分：现象具体表现的关键信息。l 第二部分：现象的分析或说明等主题句及支持性细节的关键信息。l 第三部分（如有）：文本所提供的影响、评论等其他信息。 用精炼的语言连接、润色每个部分。 认真检查。自检标准：现象的具体表现，以及围绕其进行分析、评论的主题句与支持性细节的关键词句。【例题解析】Gene Therapy“We used to think that our fate was in our stars, but now we k

16、now that, in large measure, our fate is in our genes,” said James Watson. Watson is a molecular (分子的）biologist and co-discoverer of DNA structure. Why? Scientists are seeing that gene therapy is revolutionizing the treatment of disease. 现象具体表现的关键信息1In gene therapy, healthy genes are introduced into

17、defective(有缺陷的）cells to prevent or cure disease. 现象具体表现的关键信息2While much of the research is in the beginning stages, some successes point to the real benefit 展开说明的主题句of the therapy. In Italy, doctors have recently treated one genetic disease with gene therapy. This disease most often begins to destro

18、y the brain when children are between 1 and 2, stopping them from walking and talking. By inserting normal, healthy genetic material into a virus and then infecting the patients, scientists seem to be able to cure the disease. Although the children given the therapy still need follow-up treatments,

19、they now lead a relatively normal life. 展开说明的支持性细节1Gene therapy has also been used to help older patients. These people suffer from a disease that causes slow movement and uncontrollable shaking because part of the brain dies. Those treated with gene therapy showed a 23.1 percent improvement when te

20、sted six months later. 展开说明的支持性细节2Gene therapy appears to be a more positive alternative to surgery or medicine and is an exciting new approach that is just making the news. Researchers hope that in the coming years, every genetic disease will have gene therapy as its treatment. But more research is

21、 needed to assure its safety. 对现象谨慎的评论Possible version of the summary:Gene therapy, intended to prevent or cure disease by inserting healthy genes into faulty cells, is changing the treatment of disease revolutionarily. Though still in the initial phases, gene theory has benefited both children and

22、older patients with genetic disease by improving their conditions. However, more research should be done to ensure its safe. (54 words)2）因果关系型【文本分析】该类型文章主要说明某一现象产生的原因。此类文章的典型结构及内容要点见下表：文本结构内容要点说明第一部分呈现1. 现象的具体表现2. 引出“原因”一般两到三个原因，并具体展开第二部分原因1. 主题句2. 展开说明支持性细节，如原因、方式、影响等第三部分总结对全文内容的总结本部分可能不出现在文本中【概要写作

23、步骤】 根据此类文章的基本结构，将文本分为两到三个部分。 圈划各个部分的内容要点。 撰写概要。概要由以下三个部分组成：l 第一部分：现象的具体表现，以及引出“原因”的关键信息；l 第二部分：每个原因的主题句与支持性细节的关键词；l 第三部分（如有）：总结部分的关键词。 用精炼的语言连接、润色每个部分。 认真检查。自检标准：每个部分的主题句，以及每个原因的主题句与展开说明。【例题解析1】ShynessIfyousufferfromshyness,youarenotalone,forshynessis a universal phenomenon. 现象具体表现的关键信息It isnotsurpr

24、ising that social scientistsareexploring its environmental causes. 引出“原因”的关键信息 The first environmental cause ofshynessmany be a childs home and family life. 原因1的主题句 Todays childrenaregrowing up in smaller and smaller families,with fewer and fewer relatives living nearby. Growing up in homes in which

25、 both parents work full time,children maynothave the socializing experience of frequent visits by neighbours and friends. Because of their lack of social skills,they may begin to feel shy when they start school. 原因1的支持性细节。展开说明了这个环境根源是如何产生的。A second environmental cause ofshynessin an individual may b

26、e ones culture. 原因2的主题句 In a large study conducted in Japan,55 percent participants rated themselves as shy. Researchers Lynne Henderson and Philip Zimbardo say, “One expectation is that in Japan,an individuals performance success is credited externally to parents,grandparents,teachers,coaches,and o

27、thers,while failure is entirely blamed on the person.” Therefore,Japanese learnnotto take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions. 原因2的支持性细节。虽然是举例，但对具体例子的评论、讨论、总结等内容支持了原因2的主题句，是关键信息。 Technology may play a role as well. 原因3的主题句In the United States,the number of young people who rep

28、ort being shy has risenfrom40 percent to 50 percent in recent years. Due to our huge advances in technology,watching television,playing video games,and surfing the Web have replaced recreational activities that involve social interaction for many young people. Adults,too,arebecoming more isolated as

29、 a result of technology. Face-to-face interactions with bank tellers,gas station attendants,and store clerksareno longer necessary because people can use machines to do their banking,fill their gas tanks,and order goods. In short,they become shy. 原因3的支持性细节。虽然是举例，但对具体例子的评论、讨论、总结等内容支持了原因3的主题句。是关键信息。It

30、 appears that most people have experiencedshynessat some time in their lives. Therefore,ifyouareshy,youhave lots of company. Possible version of the summary:Shynessis common and it has environmental causes,including home and family life,culture and technology. Firstly,with smaller families and worki

31、ng patents,children lack social interactions. Secondly,blaming failure on individuals causes people in some culture to be shy in public. Finally,with the development of technology,people have fewer opportunities to socialize in person. (56) 【例题解析2】Learning by Rote in the Digital AgeRote learning has

32、 become seen as an outdated method of teaching. The dictionary defines learning “by rote” as “frommemory,without thought of the meaning, in a mechanic way.” The decline of rote learning has been quickened by technology. No one needs to memorize friends phone numbers or email addresses because such d

33、ata is conveniently stored and accessible electronically. And why remember when and where World War II broke out whenyoucan find the answer on the internet in about six seconds? But now therearevoices for a need to return to rote learning. 现象具体表现的关键信息和引出“原因”的关键信息In fact,memorizing key data is essent

34、ial to learning 原因1的主题句any skills. Doctoring requires knowledge of medicine and layering requires knowledge of cases and laws. Of course,being able to recall things willnotfurther your understanding of those things,but without memorizing these foundation elements,youcannot progress to a deeper under

35、standing of a subject. 原因1的支持性细节While the internet and computers have weakened the need for us to remember things,it may well be that mobile learning can help can help bring style of learning back to life by making it more convenient and more fun. 原因2的主题句 Drilling yourself-with flashcards or by repe

36、tition- is usually hard and boring work,which is why most people need their multiplication tables to be drilled into them by teachers or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be a battle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can make those flashcards and drills more ap

37、propriate to individual study; our digital devices can challenge and inform us at the same time and also keep us motivated, 原因2的支持性细节whether through game-like structures or recording our progress. Onceyou68re acquired the essentials of a subject by rote learning,youwill find it easier to go deeper i

38、n the application of knowledge which is important. (303 words) 评论Possible version of the summary:Rote learning means mechanical memorization. Although technology makes it less needed,its value is being rediscovered. Rote learning helps people acquire basic knowledge,laying a foundation for further u

39、nderstanding. In fact,technology makes mobile learning possible,which motivates learning in rote learning and makes memorization more interesting and individualized. (49 words)3）问题解决型 【文本分析】该类型文章主要针对某一现象产生的问题提出解决方案。此类文章的典型结构及内容要点见下表：文本结构内容要点第一部分呈现问题问题的具体内容第二部分分析原因或人们对此的反应原因或反应的具体内容及展开说明第三部分解决方案及具体展开

40、1. 解决方案的具体内容2. 展开说明的主题句及支持性细节【概要写作步骤】 根据此类文章的基本结构，将文本分为三个部分。 圈划各个部分的内容要点。 撰写概要。概要由以下三个部分组成：l 第一部分：问题具体内容的关键信息；l 第二部分：原因或反应的具体内容及展开说明的关键信息；l 第三部分：解决方案的具体内容及展开说明的关键信息。l 用精炼的语言连接、润色每个部分。 认真检查。自检标准：每个部分的主题句，以及展开说明的关键信息。【例题解析】Intervene (干涉) ProperlyWeseeiteverywhere.Atiredparent,atthe end ofastressful da

41、y,losesit andachild suffers.Wed like to help ifwecould,butwehesitate. 问题的具体内容 Isitour business to intervene(干涉)? And ifwedo,willweembarrass and offend theparent,making him or her even more angry with the child? Isntitwiser to walk past without comment? After all,none of us isaperfectparent. 原因的具体内容T

42、here seems to beacommon assumption in our society that intervening on behalf ofachild inapublic place is necessarily hurtful and critical.Itneeds to be neither. 解决方案1 的具体内容There isaworld of difference between hurtful criticism (“How dare you treat your child like that?”) and helpful intervention don

43、e inacaring way (“Itcan be really hard to meet their needs when youre so busy. Is there anything I can do to help?”) 解决方案2的具体内容 There is nothing essential in intervention that requires one to be offensive.My friends and I have witnessed some really harmful acts: hitting,severe verbal abuse,hurtful c

44、omparisons to brothers and sisters,and so on. These children accept this treatment because they are too helpless and inexperienced to stand up for themselves. 展开说明1的主题句That emotional abuse (虐待) leaves no outward scars should not excuse us from helping these children. Those of us who can recognize da

45、maging treatment have an obligation to step in. 展开说明1的支持性细节There is one more reason for intervening that is nearly always overlooked in these discussions,but which I consider to be the most significant: the lifelong effectitcan have on the child. 展开说明2的主题句Many adults in counseling sessions still rec

46、all with gratitude the one time thatastranger stepped in on their behalf,and how muchitmeant: that someone cared,and that the childs feelings of anger and frustration were recognized and accepted. These adults have stated to me that this one intervention changed their lives and gave them hope. 展开说明2

47、的支持性细节Areweto bypass the opportunity to make suchabig difference in the life ofachild? Possible version of the summary: Passage APeople may hesitate to help when theyseechildren abused by their parents in public because they are afraid to embarrass and offend theparent. However,intervention can be done inanon-offensive way. Since children are too young to stand up for themselves,weare ob