汉英新闻翻译策略(12页).doc

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1、-汉英新闻翻译策略美国新闻学者约斯特认为: “新闻是已经发生或正在发生的事实的报道。”从中可以看出新闻的根本特点：新闻是对信息的报道, 新闻的时效性很强, 客观性是新闻的灵魂。新闻一般包括标题、导语和正文三个部分。标题高度概况了整条新闻的主要内容, 被喻为“新闻的眼睛”, 是信息量最集中、最丰富的地方。新闻标题的功能包括五个方面: 把最精彩的内容揭示给读者, 用最短的文字阐明内容主旨, 以特殊方式表达报纸的倾向性, 凭借特殊强势吸引读者, 选择让人震撼的语句激励读者。导语简要交代整条新闻 的人物、时间、地点、事件、原因等要素, 通常称为5W, 这些有时甚至用一句话表达。正文则体现前重后轻的做法

2、, 先提供重要的信息, 再补充必要的背景报道, 所谓“倒金字塔”结构。纽马克认为,采取何种翻译方法取决于三个因素：文本类型(type of text) 、读者身份(nature of thereadership) 和翻译目的(purpose of the translation) 。具体而言,译者可以打破新闻原文的形式上的束缚,在标题、词汇和句法结构上进行改写(rewriting) 。在出发语和目的语之间发生矛盾时,要优先考虑目的语的表达习惯。“好的翻译听起来不像是翻译”(奈达) ,而像译者用目的语写作的产物。交际翻译法的实质是意译、归化、适度再创造。1标题改写新闻标题的功能是提炼内容、美化版

3、面和吸引读者(郜书锴,2002) 。好的新闻标题常常具有简约、醒目、概括、风趣的特点(刘宓庆,1998 :82) 。标题翻译的好坏,直接影响着整篇新闻翻译的交际效果和读者的兴趣。纽马克认为:“Normally, as a translator, you are entitled to change the title of your text . ”(2001 : 156) 因此,除了极少数采用语义翻译外,译者都在标题翻译上下了很大功夫用交际翻译法处理。标题翻译应积极地揭示新闻内容, 兼顾中英文标题的差异性和考虑读者的接受能力, 可采用以下三种策略: 其一, 如果标题含义明白、直接而且信息功能

4、强烈, 译成目标语后读者不至于产生理解上的困难, 则可直译或基本直译, 例如: “Looking Back to Look Ahead回首往昔展望未来”; “Olympics Begin in Style; Swimmer Takes 1st Gold奥运会隆重开幕泳将夺首枚金牌”, 但中英文采用通栏标题或对仗式标题, 不完全一致。其二, 标题译成目标语能保留原文的重要信息和审美价值, 又不至于使读者产生理解上的困难。例如: “A Vow to Zip his Lips (夸张) 誓要守口如瓶”; “Solar System Search from Space (头韵) 从太空对太阳系进行探索

5、”。“Zip”和“守口如瓶”并不对应, 但译文和原文对接受者的作用和接受者的反应达到了功能对等。其三, 如果原文标题借助于修辞手段, 这些手段翻译成目标语时又难以达到同样的效果, 甚至会导致原文重要信息的丧失, 则应灵活处理: 一是语音因素。英文报刊应用比较广泛的是押头韵, 但中文押尾韵的较多。翻译时如果顾及音韵悦耳, 就会有损意义, 顾此失彼; 只能译其主要含义, 不得不舍弃其次要的附加含义。例如: “After the Boom Years, Everything is Gloom繁荣过后尽是萧条”; “Severe Depression Depresses Immunity严重抑郁症降低

6、人体免疫力”; “Unearthing the Earths History揭示地球历史”。二是主题因素。有些新闻标题没有叙述的主题, 直译会使读者感到意义不明确, 如“不找市长找市场”。采用两种方式可以补救, 一是另拟标题, 二是添加注释性词语, 后者见之于“Lure of Lira巨额里拉利诱明星脚底抹油”; “Young Whealer, Big Dealer驾驶摩托车的青年们成了保险公司的大主顾”。另外实例如下：(1) 苏州纺织业重围中求生Suzhous Textile Industry: Besieged, yet Fighting Hard对比原文和译文,最明显的是中文的破折号改成

7、了冒号,这是符合英文标题习惯写法的。英文标题分成两部分,第二部分对第一部分构成修饰或主谓关系时,通常用冒号加以隔开。如胡壮麟等编写的语言学教程的英文是Linguistics : A Course Book。显然,译者是熟悉中英文标题之间这个重要差别的,没有像很多人一样受汉语干扰而忽视这一点。(2) 苏州迎来轻轨时代Suzhou Ready to Build Its First Light Rail Line原文是一个完整的陈述句,翻译成英文时用了省略句。这符合英语新闻标题中大量使用动词不定式、动名词、分词等非谓语动词的特征。另外,英文中摈弃汉语中“轻轨时代”过分夸张的说法,代之以“Build

8、Its First Light Rail Line”,这符合英语平实的风格。(3) 1 ,000 万客流考验苏州春运10 Million Passengers: An Ordeal for Suzhous Spring Festival Transportation译文不仅用了冒号,而且将动词“考验”译成了名词“ordeal”,从而把原文的一个完整句子改写成了典型的二分结构的英语标题。(4) 交通出行须注意Travel Information Update译文中并没有用“attention”或“notice”之类的词,而是用了英语新闻中常用的“update”,如美国CNBC频道中就有个栏目叫“

9、NEWS UPDATE”。同时,这样选词非常切合该则新闻的语境,因为接下来的副标题道出了新闻的具体内容:沪宁高速开始大规模施工,上海两大机场航班调整。其实通报道路和航空两方面的最新情况。(5) 自己建房怎么样? Build It Yourself: To Be or Not To Be?译文套用了英语读者熟悉的Do It Yourself 和莎士比亚悲剧哈姆雷特中的名句,使译文在表达效果上超过了原文。(6) 园区要建成中央商贸区CBD Coming Soon in SIP用缩写和口语化的译文标题同样符合英文标题的特点,显得简洁、亲切,呼之欲出。(7) 一张照片一段故事Photos and Th

10、eir Stories套用美国之音栏目标题Words and their Stories,显得巧妙地道。(8) 要“水上游”, 不要“水上行”Enriched Canal Cruise through the “Oriental Venice”译文绕过不可译的文字游戏,译出主要意思。(9) 中国民航大出手China Civil Aviation Placed Its Two Huge Orders对原文中的俗语作具体化处理(10) 我市发现2例流脑病例Two Confirmed Cases of Epidemic Encephalitis in Suzhou句子译成短语,结构改变,信息不变。2

11、词汇变通汉英两种语言差别在词汇搭配上表现得尤为突出。纽马克说过：把本族语译成外语的人“每次出毛病不在语法方面,他的语法可能比一个受过教育的本族人还要好些; 也不在词汇方面,也许他掌握的词汇比本族人还要多些。他的毛病出在搭配上,他的搭配无法令人接受,难以成立。”(He will be “caught” every time not by his grammar, which is probably suspiciously better than an educated natives, not by his vocabulary, which may well be wider, but by

12、 his unacceptable or improbable collocations. ”) (Newmark, 2001: 80) 汉英新闻翻译中,要提高语言对英语读者的可接受性,有时需要应用增词、减词或换词等手段加以变通。2. 1 增词(1) 而在全国111 家城市商业银行中,大约有十几家与外方正在谈判。译文：Meanwhile, about a dozen of their counterparts among the 111 nationwide CCBs are inthe middle of negotiations with potential foreign investo

13、rs.增加potential ,符合英文搭配习惯。2. 2 减词(2) 据沪宁高速扩建工程指挥部的消息,时下沪宁高速改扩建工程已进入大规模路面施工,并争取在今年内实现双向八车道贯通,这将使得道路的通行能力有所下降。译文：According to the Command Office of the Nanjing-Shanghai Expressway Widening Project, the project has already kicked off its overall road surface construction, aiming at widening the expressw

14、ay to eight lanes by the end of this year.双向八车道中的“双向”属冗余信息,翻译时删去。(3) 据市博物馆副馆长张照根介绍,这些瓷器碎片都是没有用过的新瓷,估计是运输途中损坏后,在交易过程中发现随手抛弃在城根边的。译文：According to Zhang Zhaogen, deputy curator of Suzhou Museum, the unearthed debris is believed to be fragments of unusedporcelain items which were thrown away near the wa

15、ll by traders after transportation damage had been spotted.删掉“没有用过的新瓷”中的冗余信息,译成“unused porcelain items”。2. 3 换词(4) 大量碎瓷和玉石料的发现,说明阊门瓮城不仅是战争时期的军事设施,在和平时期,城门还是进行商贸活动的场所。译文：The great quantity of porcelain and jade debris yet uncovered proves that the enceinte ofChangmen Gate not only served as a fortres

16、s in wartime, but functioned as a market place in peacetime.“军事设施”没有译成“military facilities”, 而是译成具体的“fortress”,有古朴的风味。(5) 当时,虽然沿岸的建筑远没有现在这样整齐漂亮,可这条线路很受中外游客欢迎。译文：At that time, it enjoyed high popularity among both Chinese and foreign tourists, despite the chaotic skyline seen from the boat .“沿岸的建筑”译成

17、“skyline”,用词专业、地道,符合英语思维习惯。(6) 对此,这位人士建议,在环古城河的岸边应该设置一些可供市民活动的场所,多一些民俗方面的表演来带动两岸的人气。译文：It has been suggested that more public facilities be built and performance of local customs be arranged to increase human presence on the bank.“带动两岸的人气”译成“increase human presence on the bank”,灵活达意。(7) 今年苏州的春运客流具有三

18、大特点。译文：This years Spring Festival exodus has three major features.“春运客流”译成“This years Spring Festival exodus”,易于被英语读者理解(8) 如果在路途中突然掉头,将被处以200 元的罚款, 同时至少要扣三分。译文：If a driver is caught making a sudden U-turn, he will be fined 200 yuan and have at least 3 penalty points recorded.“路途中突然掉头”译成“making a sud

19、den U-turn”,发挥了英语字母的象形优势,表达较直观。3句子结构重组汉语句子之间的语法关系通常不需要使用关联词来连接,分句之间的逻辑关系是呈隐性的,它们之间的语法关系通过语用环境来体现。在汉译英时,不但要使译文通顺,符合译入语的表达习惯,更重要的是,要正确传达原语的形式和内容,因此,必须分析、理解汉语分句之间的深层关系,然后再重组成相应的逻辑关系外化的英语句子。(1) 车子越来越多,道路越来越窄,所有的杭州居民都能感受到近年来日益突出的交通之苦。译文：The growing traffic flow that makes the streets of the city seem int

20、olerably narrow has become a headache for the residents of Hangzhou.译者突破原文流水句的结构,译成包含定语从句的英语复合句,符合英语重“形合”,句法严密、紧凑的特点。(2) 沪宁全线继续限速80公里/小时,部分路段限速20 公里/小时。译文：The speed limit for the entire Shanghai2Nanjing Expressway remains at 80kmPh, with the exception of 20kmPh in some sections.两句变一句,第二句译成介词短语,两种情况的

21、主次关系十分明了。遇到列举多个项目的情况,有时需译成英文倒装语序,如接下来的例(3)(3) 目前,沪宁高速的南幅路面有12 个段落正在施工,北幅路面有2 个段落正在施工,加上互通和上跨桥施工19 个借道点,今年上半年将是沪宁路扩建以来通行能力最弱的时段。译文：Currently, under construction are the 12 segments on the south side and 2 segments on the north side of the Nanjing2Shanghai Expressway, plus 19 construction sites at int

22、erchanges and flyovers. The construction project makes the first half of the year the record period when this expressway allows the lightest traffic flow since the beginning of the widening project.总之,纽马克的交际翻译论,予以读者较多的重视,追求译文与原文等效。新闻翻译是否忠实原文形式并不是关键所在,而译文流畅、简洁、易懂、符合目的语的习惯才是应该受到译者关注的,这为汉英新闻翻译中的变通处理提供了

23、有力的理论依据。杭州公共自行车系统设想收取信用保证金今天，杭州公交方面提出了对公共自行车租用方式及结算标准的初步设想，想听听广大市民和中外游客的意见。 4家厂家12款车型入围招标。 3月31日上午，备受关注的杭州公共自行车车辆进行评标，通过实物评标和评委打分，4家公司的宝驹、皇冠王、力霸皇、飞鸽等12款车型入围。 记者在现场看到，12款自行车各有千秋，车身色彩都采用了鲜艳的颜色：红、黄、绿、蓝。大部分款式都是车身前有一个车兜，有一款则把车兜设在车身后部，有几款车型还在车轮上设置了放卷入的挡板。据悉，公共自行车招标第一期将购置2000辆自行车。 开通租用功能需缴200元信用保证金。不少市民担心的

24、公共自行车被盗的情况，目前有一个初步设想，就是根据IC卡开通公共自行车租用功能，需缴200元的信用保证金，建立这样一个信用保障体系，也是为了确保公共自行车交通系统的正常运作。200元的保证金，老百姓的接受程度如何，市民可以将意见和建议在4月6日前向公交集团反映。【参考译文】The Hangzhou Public Bicycle System expects to charge for credit depositToday, the Hangzhou Public Transport Group came up with the initial plan on how to rent the

25、public bicycles and the calculation standards, and suggestions from all citizens and visitors from home and abroad is most welcome.12 styles of bicycles from 4 manufacturers on the shortlist for the bid.In the attention-catching appraisal and selection of Hangzhou public bicycle held on the morning

26、of Mar. 31st, 12 styles of bicycles from 4 manufacturers, namely, Baoju, Crownking, Force Despot Emperor and Flying Pigeon finally passed the real product appraisal and grading of the judge committee. The 12 bicycles were perfect in their own ways with bright colors: red, yellow, green, blue. Most o

27、f them had a basket in the front, while one made it on the back. Several bicycles had foldaway mudguards on both sides of the wheel. Its said that 2000 public bicycles will be purchased in the first term of bid. 200 yuan deposit will be charged to activate the renting service. Some citizens are worr

28、ied that the public bicycles would get stolen. There is an initial plan currently that a 200 yuan credit deposit will be charged to activate the renting service with IC card. The establishment of such a guarantee system is also to insure the sound functioning of the public bicycle system. Whether th

29、e 200 yuan deposit is acceptable or not, the citizens can deliver their advice and suggestions to the Public Transport Group before Apr. 6th.幸福是一餐热腾腾午饭供应一个学生一学期免费午餐需要308元当城市里一些父母在担心孩子营养过剩的时候，中西部一些贫困山区的孩子还在为能不能吃上午饭而发愁。幸福，对于那里的孩子们来说出奇简单，只是一餐热腾腾的午饭。在贵州一些贫困山区的小学，还没有建立住宿制，更没有食堂，一些学生每天上学来回要走4个小时的山路，中午常年吃从

30、家中带来的土豆、苞谷饭、炒玉米，有些孩子喝自来水填肚子，甚至有为数不少的学生什么都没吃，饿着肚子上课。一些山区学校的校长告诉我们，大概有60%的学生中午什么都不吃。去年，来自全国各地的义工在贵州省纳雍县羊场乡实施小学生免费午餐项目，到目前为止，已经帮助三个山区学校（纳雍县羊场乡保卫小学、场坝小学及其管理的中坝教学点）的孩子吃上了免费午饭。上周，都市快报特派记者沈雁冰和摄影记者许康平走访了贵州省黔西县、纳雍县、大方县的8所山村学校，实地探访免费午餐项目。免费午饭的伙食标准是米饭、芸豆酸菜汤和水煮鸡蛋。米饭和汤不限量，不够吃可以再打，鸡蛋每天一个（芸豆酸菜汤是当地的家常菜）。这样一顿午饭需要2块3

31、。为了增加营养，每周五免费午餐中给每个学生增加了2两肉，每顿额外加2块5。按照每学期学生在校110天计算，供应一个学生一个学期的免费午餐需要308元。义工们在网络上公开每笔捐赠记录、餐费支出等详细内容，还设立了第三方监督机制、电话抽查家长等，结果也都一一公布在网上。场坝小学校长张海说，以前很多人给学生每学期捐赠现金，有些钱被家长拿去喝酒或打牌了，“免费午餐是最实惠的捐助方式”。除了纳雍县的三所学校实施了免费午餐项目外，4月1日，黔西县中建乡红板小学的学生吃上了免费午餐，4月2日，黔西县花溪乡沙坝小学的学生也吃上了免费午餐。都市快报记者在现场看到，实施免费午餐的学校，孩子们吃得干干净净，一粒米饭

32、也不剩。记者在采访中还发现，当地众多孩子的家长常年在外务工，不少家长的务工地就在浙江。纳雍县羊场乡政府工作人员说，全乡6000多个外出务工人员中，至少有40%在浙江。采访中，我和摄影记者许康平常常这样问自己：他们为浙江经济的发展贡献了自己的力量，而在他们身后，自己的孩子还在为午饭发愁。我们是不是该为他们身后留守的孩子做点什么？Happiness Is a Hot LunchTo Supply a Free Lunch for One Student in One Semester Only Costs 308 YuanWhile some parents in big cities are w

33、orrying about their children overweight, those children living in remote mountainous area in middle western China are still worrying about whether there is lunch for them.Happiness is simply a hot lunch to them.In some primary schools in Guizhou Province, there is no boarding system or student cante

34、en available, some students have to walk for 4 hours in mountains to get to and back from school every day, their lunch is simply potatoes, sweet corns, rice with corns etc. brought from home in the morning. Some students just drink from water taps to keep them going. According to the principal, abo

35、ut as many as 60% of their students simply skip lunch.Volunteers from all over China have started a free lunch project in Yangchang Village, Nayong County, Guizhou Province since last year. Up to now, they have successfully helped students of three schools have free lunch every day.Last week, two jo

36、urnalists of City Express visited eight such schools in Qianxi County, Nayong County and Dafang County in Guizhou Province to have an on-the-spot review of the free lunch project.The standard items in a free lunch consists of rice, bean soup with pickled cabbage and a boiled egg. Rice and soup is un

37、limited but only one egg for each student. The cost of this lunch is 2.30 yuan. On Friday the free lunch has extra 100g of meat and the cost is 4.80 yuan. Based on 110 school days per semester, a free lunch for each student is only 308 yuan.Volunteer workers publish the records of donations, cost an

38、d expenses of meals and established the third party monitoring system on their website. Mr. Zhang Hai, principal of Changba Primary School remarked that they used to receive donations in cash, however, some parents used the money to buy drinks or even go gambling. Free lunch is the most practical an

39、d economical way of donation.At the moment, apart from the three schools in Nayong County, free lunch has been provided for students in Hongban Primary in Zhongjian village since 1st Apr. and Shaba Primary in Huaxi Village since 2nd Apr.The journalists from City Express saw that all students finishe

40、d their free lunch without any waste.The journalists also noticed that parents of some students are now working in Zhejiang Province. Staff at Yangchang village government mentioned that at least 40% of total 6,000 workers from their village are now based in Zhejiang. While these workers are contributing to the development of the economy in Zhejiang, their children are still worrying about their lunch. Is there anything that we can do for them?-第 12 页-