某公司税收管理代价与财务知识分析.pptx
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1、l考察税收如何减少消费者和生产者剩余考察税收如何减少消费者和生产者剩余l了解税收无谓损失的意义和原因了解税收无谓损失的意义和原因l考虑为什么一些税收的无谓损失大于另一些税收考虑为什么一些税收的无谓损失大于另一些税收l考察税收收入和无谓损失如何随税收的规模而变考察税收收入和无谓损失如何随税收的规模而变动动l把税收楔子放到供求图中,并确定税收收入和消把税收楔子放到供求图中,并确定税收收入和消费者与生产者剩余费者与生产者剩余l把税收楔子放到供求图中,并确定无谓损失的值把税收楔子放到供求图中,并确定无谓损失的值l说明为什么供求和需求富有弹性比缺乏弹性时,说明为什么供求和需求富有弹性比缺乏弹性时,一种既
2、定的税收将引起更大的无谓损失一种既定的税收将引起更大的无谓损失l说明为什么某些极大的税收引起税收收入增加,说明为什么某些极大的税收引起税收收入增加,但引起极大的无谓损失但引起极大的无谓损失We began our study of taxes in Chapter 6. There we saw how a tax on a good affects its price and the quantity sold and how the forces of supply and demand divide the burden of a tax between buyers and selle
3、rs. In this chapter we extend this analysis and look at how taxes affect welfare, the economic well-being of participants in a market.The effects of taxes on welfare might at first seem obvious. The government enacts taxes to raise revenue, and that revenue must come out of someones pocket. As we sa
4、w in Chapter 6, both buyers and sellers are worse off when a good is taxed: A tax raises the price buyers pay and lowers the price sellers receive. Yet to understand fully how taxes affect economic well-being, we must compare the reduced welfare of buyers and sellers to the amount of revenue the gov
5、ernment raises. The tools of consumer and producer surplus allow us to make this comparison. The analysis will show that the costs of taxes to buyers and sellers exceeds the revenue raised by the government.How do taxes affect the economic well-being of market participants?It does not matter whether
6、 a tax on a good is levied on buyers or sellers of the goodthe price paid by buyers rises, and the price received by sellers falls.Price0QuantityQuantity without taxSupplyDemandPrice without taxPrice buyers payQuantity with taxSize of taxPrice sellers receive现在我们用福利经济学的工具来衡量对一种物品征税现在我们用福利经济学的工具来衡量对一
7、种物品征税的收益与损失。为了这样做,我们必须考虑税收如何的收益与损失。为了这样做,我们必须考虑税收如何影响买者、卖者以及政府。影响买者、卖者以及政府。1. 市场上买者得到的收益用市场上买者得到的收益用消费者剩余消费者剩余(买者愿意为买者愿意为某物品支付的量减去他们实际支付的量某物品支付的量减去他们实际支付的量)来衡量;来衡量;2. 市场上卖者得到的收益用市场上卖者得到的收益用生产者剩余生产者剩余(卖者为一种(卖者为一种物品得到的量减去其成本)来衡量;物品得到的量减去其成本)来衡量;3. 政府的衡量指标是什么呢?政府的衡量指标是什么呢?税收收入税收收入 T = the size of the t
8、axQ = the quantity of the good soldT Q = the governments tax revenuePrice0QuantityQuantity without taxSupplyDemandPrice sellers receiveQuantity with taxSize of tax (T)Quantity sold (Q)Tax Revenue (T x Q)Price buyers pay我们考虑我们考虑3个问题:个问题:1. 没有税收时政府收入及福利情况如何?没有税收时政府收入及福利情况如何?2. 征收税收之后的社会福利是多少?征收税收之后的社会
9、福利是多少?3. 福利的变动情况是什么样的?福利的变动情况是什么样的?Quantity0PriceDemandSupplyQ1ABCFDEQ2Tax reduces consumer surplus by (B+C) and producer surplus by (D+E)Tax revenue = (B+D)Deadweight Loss = (C+E)Price buyerspay=PB P1Price without tax= PSPrice sellers receive=Without TaxWith TaxChangeConsumer SurplusA + B + CA- (B
10、+ C)Producer SurplusD + E + FF- (D + E)Tax RevenuenoneB + D+ (B + D)Total SurplusA + B + C + D + E + FA + B + D + F- (C + E )The area C+E shows the fall in total surplus and is the deadweight loss of the tax. 买者和卖者由税收受到的损失大于政府收入的增加。税收引起的总剩买者和卖者由税收受到的损失大于政府收入的增加。税收引起的总剩余减少被称为余减少被称为无谓损失无谓损失,面积,面积CE衡量无
11、谓损失的规模。衡量无谓损失的规模。The change in total welfare includes:uThe change in consumer surplus,uThe change in producer surplus,uThe change in tax revenue.uThe losses to buyers and sellers exceed the revenue raised by the government.uThis fall in total surplus is called the deadweight loss.在第七章中我们说明了,市场通常可以有效
12、地配置在第七章中我们说明了,市场通常可以有效地配置稀缺资源。这就是说,供求均衡使市场上买者和卖稀缺资源。这就是说,供求均衡使市场上买者和卖者的总剩余最大化。但是,当税收提高了买者的价者的总剩余最大化。但是,当税收提高了买者的价格而降低了卖者的价格时,它对买者的激励是比没格而降低了卖者的价格时,它对买者的激励是比没有税收时少消费,而对卖者的激励是比没有税收时有税收时少消费,而对卖者的激励是比没有税收时少生产。当买者和卖者对这些激励做出反应时,市少生产。当买者和卖者对这些激励做出反应时,市场规模缩小到其最优水平之下。因此,由于税收扭场规模缩小到其最优水平之下。因此,由于税收扭曲了激励,就引起市场资
13、源配置无效率。曲了激励,就引起市场资源配置无效率。 Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade. Quantity0Price DemandSupplyQ1PBPrice = P1without tax PSQ2Size of taxLost gains from tradeCost to sellersValue to buyersReduction in quantity due to the tax无谓损失
14、就是由于无谓损失就是由于税收阻止了这些互税收阻止了这些互利的贸易而引起的利的贸易而引起的剩余损失。剩余损失。What determines whether the deadweight loss from a tax is large or small?l QuantityPriceDemandSupply0When supply isrelatively inelastic,the deadweight loss of a tax is small.(a) Inelastic SupplySize of taxQuantityPriceDemandSupply0Size of taxWhen
15、 supply isrelatively elastic,the deadweight loss of a tax is large.(b) Elastic SupplyQuantityPriceDemandSupply0When demand isrelatively inelastic,the deadweight loss of a tax is small.(c) Inelastic DemandSize of taxQuantityPriceDemandSupply0Size of taxWhen demand isrelatively elastic,the deadweight
16、loss of a tax is large.(d) Elastic DemandThe greater the elasticities of demand and supply:u the larger will be the decline in equilibrium quantity and,u the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.从这个图中所得出的结论很容易解释。税收造成无从这个图中所得出的结论很容易解释。税收造成无谓损失,是因为它使买者和卖者改变自己的行为。谓损失,是因为它使买者和卖者改变自己的行为。税收提高了买者支付的价格,因此他们
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