国际税收管理概述.pptx
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1、第九章第九章 国际税收管理国际税收管理Multinational Tax Managementn第一节第一节 国际税收管理概述国际税收管理概述nIntroductionn第二节第二节 税收管辖权税收管辖权nTax jurisdictionsn第三节第三节 国际间的双重课税国际间的双重课税nDouble taxationn第四节第四节 国际避税国际避税nTax avoidance1第第九九章章 国际税收管理国际税收管理Multinational Tax Managementn第一节第一节 国际税收管理概述国际税收管理概述nIntroductionn第二节第二节 税收管辖权税收管辖权nTax ju
2、risdictionsn第三节第三节 国际间的双重课税国际间的双重课税nDouble taxationn第四节第四节 国际避税国际避税nTax avoidance2Multinational Tax ManagementnTaxes have a major impact on corporate net income and cash flow through ntheir influence on foreign investment decisions, financial structure, determination of the cost of capital, foreign
3、exchange management, working capital management, and financial control.nTax planning for multinational operations is an extremely complex but vitally important aspect of international business.3第一节第一节 国际税收管理概述国际税收管理概述n就是利用跨国公司构造就是利用跨国公司构造国外经营组织国外经营组织和和汇款政策汇款政策的灵活性,使全球的灵活性,使全球税后现金流量税后现金流量最大化。最大化。n它主要
4、包括:它主要包括:n1、决定跨国公司国外经营组织的、决定跨国公司国外经营组织的法律形式法律形式;n2、决定何时、从何地、以何种方式、决定何时、从何地、以何种方式返回资金返回资金;n3、对最佳利用、对最佳利用避税港避税港、双边、双边税收协定税收协定和特殊的公司和特殊的公司税收税收刺激手段刺激手段作出安排。作出安排。nThe primary objective of multinational tax planning is the minimization of the firms worldwide tax burden. 4The Objectives of Taxation:1. Tax
5、Neutrality 2. Tax EquitynWhen a government decides to levy a tax, it must consider: A:the potential revenue from the tax, or how effectively it can be collected, B:the effect the proposed tax can have on private economic behaviornFor example, the US governments policy on taxation of foreign-source i
6、ncome has multiple objectives:nNeutralizing tax incentives that favor or disfavor US private investment in developed countriesnProviding an incentive for US private investment in developing countriesnImproving the US BOPnRaising revenue5Tax Neutrality A tax scheme is tax neutral if it meets three cr
7、iterian1. CapitalExportNeutrality: the tax scheme does not incentivise citizens move their money abroad.n2.NationalNeutrality: taxable income is taxed in the same manner by the taxpayers national tax authorities regardless of where in the world it is earned.n3.CapitalImportNeutrality: the tax burden
8、 on a MNC subsidiary should be the same regardless of where in the world the MNC in incorporated. 6Tax Equitynregardless of the country in which an affiliate of a MNC earns taxable income, the same tax rate and tax due date should apply.nThe principal of tax equity is difficult to apply; nthe organi
9、zational form of the MNC can affect the timing of the tax liability.7Taxes vary on income from different sourcesTax jurisdictions: foreign or domesticOrganizational forms: foreign branches or incorporated subsidiariesAsset classes: interest, dividends, or capital gainsFinancing instruments: tax dedu
10、ctibility of interest on debtViolations of tax neutralityForms of taxation税收种类税收种类n世界各国政府规定的税收制度千差万别,世界各国政府规定的税收制度千差万别,n按课税对象划分,分为两大类:按课税对象划分,分为两大类:n一类是直接税,一类是直接税,即按收益额和财产额课征的即按收益额和财产额课征的税种,主要包括所得税、资产利得税、财产税种,主要包括所得税、资产利得税、财产税;税;n另一类是间接税,另一类是间接税,即按流转额课征的税种,即按流转额课征的税种,主要包括预扣税、周转税、增值税、过境税、主要包括预扣税、周转税、
11、增值税、过境税、财富转让税、消费税,等等。财富转让税、消费税,等等。9Income TaxnAn income tax is a tax on personal and corporate income.nMany countries in the world obtain a significant portion of their tax revenue from income taxes.nAn income tax is a direct tax, that is one that is paid directly by the taxpayer upon whom it is lev
12、ied.10111213Withholding TaxnWithholding taxes are withheld from the payments a corporation makes to the taxpayer. nThe taxes are levied on passive income earned by an individual or corporation of one country within the tax jurisdiction of another country.nPassive income includes dividends and intere
13、st income, income from royalties, patents, or copyrights.nA withholding tax is an indirect tax.14U.S. Tax Treaty Withholding Rates Selected Countries05101520253035AustraliaBermudaBelgiumBrazilChinaFranceGermanyIrelandJapanMexicoRateDividendsInterest Royalties15Value-Added TaxnA value-added tax is an
14、 indirect national tax levied on the value added in production of a good or service.nIn many European and Latin American countries the VAT has become a major source of taxation on private citizens.nVATs are easier to administer. nWhile taxpayers have an incentive to hide their income, producers have
15、 an incentive to make sure that their upstream suppliers in the production process declare the value added (and pay the tax!).1617第二节第二节 税收管辖权税收管辖权n税收管辖权,税收管辖权,就是一种征税权,就是一种征税权,它是国家的管辖权在税收上的具它是国家的管辖权在税收上的具体体现。体体现。税收管辖权是一国政府在征税方面的主权,税收管辖权是一国政府在征税方面的主权,它表现在一国政府有权决定对哪些人征税、它表现在一国政府有权决定对哪些人征税、 征哪些税以及征多少税等
16、方面征哪些税以及征多少税等方面n也就是说,任何一个主权国家,也就是说,任何一个主权国家,在不违背国际法和国际公约的前在不违背国际法和国际公约的前提下,都有权选择最优的提下,都有权选择最优的(或对或对本国最有利的本国最有利的)税收制度,税收制度, 18税收管辖权的类型税收管辖权的类型一国政府拥有的征税权力,或一国课税权力所及的范围一国政府拥有的征税权力,或一国课税权力所及的范围 属人主义原则以是否拥有本国国籍或是否本国居民为标准,确定课税范围属人税收管辖权属人税收管辖权Resident Jurisdiction国家有权对本国公民或居民取国家有权对本国公民或居民取得的所有收入和所有财产征税,得的所
17、有收入和所有财产征税,无论其收入从何处取得,财产无论其收入从何处取得,财产存在于哪个国家存在于哪个国家 属地主义原则以纳税人所得来源地、财产所在地或经济活动发生地为标准,划定课税范围属地税收管辖权属地税收管辖权Area Jurisdiction国家有权对来源于本国的收入和国家有权对来源于本国的收入和存在于本国的财产课税,无论这存在于本国的财产课税,无论这种收入和财产归谁所有;种收入和财产归谁所有;19The worldwide approachnAlso referred to as the residential or national approach, levies taxes on t
18、he income earned by firms that are incorporated in the host country, regardless of where the income was earned (domestically or abroad).nA MNE earning income both at home and abroad would therefore find its worldwide income taxed by its home country tax authorities.nFor example, a country like the U
19、S taxes the income earned by firms based in the US regardless of whether the income earned by the firm is domestic or foreign in origin.20The territorial approachnAlso termed the source approach, focuses on the income earned by the firms within the legal jurisdiction of the host country, not on the
20、country of firm incorporation.nCountries like Germany follow this approach and apply taxes equally to foreign or domestic firms on income earned within the country, but in principle not on income earned outside the country.nThe territorial approach, like the worldwide approach, results in a major ga
21、p in coverage if resident firms earn income outside the country but are not taxed by the country in which the profits are earned.21双重管辖权双重管辖权n所谓双重管辖权,就是一国政府同时运用地所谓双重管辖权,就是一国政府同时运用地域管辖权和居民管辖权,域管辖权和居民管辖权,n即对本国居民,运用即对本国居民,运用居民管辖权居民管辖权,对其境内、,对其境内、境外的收益、所得和财产征税。境外的收益、所得和财产征税。n对本国非居民对本国非居民(外国居民外国居民),则运用,则
22、运用地域管辖地域管辖权权,对其在该国境内取得的收益、所得和财,对其在该国境内取得的收益、所得和财产征税。产征税。22采取双重管辖权的理由:采取双重管辖权的理由:n认为在只运用单一管辖权的情况下,不足认为在只运用单一管辖权的情况下,不足以保证本国的税收权益。以保证本国的税收权益。n如只运用地域管辖权,则本国居民的境外如只运用地域管辖权,则本国居民的境外的税收就会损失;的税收就会损失;n而只运用居民管辖权,则本国非居民的税而只运用居民管辖权,则本国非居民的税收就会损失。收就会损失。n因此必须综合运用两种管辖权,以保证本因此必须综合运用两种管辖权,以保证本国的经济利益。国的经济利益。23US Tax
23、ation of Foreign Source IncomenThe US applies the worldwide approach to international taxation to US MNEs operating globally, but the territorial approach to foreign firms operating within its borders.nDividends received from US corporate subsidiaries are fully taxable in the US at US tax rates but
24、with credit allowed for direct taxes paid on income in a foreign country.24所得税重复课税所得税重复课税25选择双重管辖权的国家,选择双重管辖权的国家,在实际的管理中对两种管辖权各有侧重在实际的管理中对两种管辖权各有侧重n对经济发达国家:对经济发达国家:n发达国家通常有资本发达国家通常有资本输出和技术输出,居输出和技术输出,居民中从事跨国经济活民中从事跨国经济活动的较多,所以这些动的较多,所以这些国家更侧重于国家更侧重于维护居维护居民管辖权民管辖权,从而扩大,从而扩大对本国居民在国外的对本国居民在国外的收益、所得和财产征
25、收益、所得和财产征税的范围。税的范围。n对对广大发展中国家:广大发展中国家:n由于资金贫乏,技术落由于资金贫乏,技术落后,只能从发达国家引后,只能从发达国家引进资金和技术,与此相进资金和技术,与此相适应,会经常发生他国适应,会经常发生他国的居民在本国领土内的的居民在本国领土内的收益、所得和财产,因收益、所得和财产,因此,发展中国家更加侧此,发展中国家更加侧重于重于地域管辖权地域管辖权,从而,从而扩大对别国居民在本国扩大对别国居民在本国领土范围内的收益、所领土范围内的收益、所得和财产的征税范围。得和财产的征税范围。 26第三节第三节 国际间的双重课税国际间的双重课税n国际双重课税国际双重课税是指
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