初中英语词语辨析精华版(115页).doc

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1、-初中英语词语辨析精华版-第 113 页初中中考英语常见词语辨析1. after/ in / later都有“之后”的意思，区别在于：.in是介词，用来表示从现在算起的“过一段时间以后”，常于将来时态的肯定句中，一般与go, come, start, arrive, return ( be back), finish等表示瞬间动作的终止性动词连用。如：Ill come and see you in two days. 两天之后我再来看你。.after是介词，用来表示在某一具体时间或某一具体事件以后，谓语动词可用于过去时，也可用将来时。如：He will arrive after four oc

2、lock. 他将在四点以后到达。She said she would be back after five oclock. 注 此情况下时间名词应为点时间。after 还可以表示从过去某时起若干时间之后，谓语动词用过去时，不能用将来时。如：Lucy started after two days. 注 此时应为段时间名词。.later是副词，不能用于从讲话时刻算起的若干时间之后，要根据上下文推断从何时起至何时之后。如：I shall call on Mr Li on May 1st and shall call again about a week later. 五月一日我将拜访李先生，大约一星

3、期之后我再来拜访。I shall call again later.注 later只能放在段时间名词之后。2.among/ between/ in the middle of. among “在之中/中间” 指三者或三者以上。通常表某个范围。如：Someone is wrong among us. 我们中间有人错了。There is a small village among the mountains. 大山之间有座小村庄。. between “在之间”指在二者之间，表示双方之间的关系，不论双方的数目是多少，有时与and 连用。如：There is a river between us. 在

4、我们两人之间有一条河。Im standing between a house and a big tree. 我站在一座房子和一棵大树中间。. in the middle of “在中间”指在某事物中间，强调事物的两端的中间。如：There is a bus stop in the middle of the road. 在这条公路中间有个车站。 3.animal/ beast. animal “动物” 是区别于植物而言，是动物的总称，通常指兽、鸟、虫、鱼等。如：Its an animal of monkey kind. 这是一种属于猴类的动物。The animal is hungry. 这个

5、动物饿了。. beast “四足动物”通常指不包括爬行动物的较大的四足动物。如：The camel is a beast of burden. 骆驼是负重的动物。The tiger is a beast of prey. 老虎是猛兽。4.another/ other/ more. 名词前表示具有增加意义的“还、再”，一般用 more 和 another. another置于数词前，而more，other置于数词后。other具有“不同”之意。保留它本意“别的”。如： one more thing, one other thing, another thing都表示“还有一件事”之意，如： I

6、want three more / other books. = I want another three books.我还要三本书。I stayed there three more days. = I stayed there another three days. 我在那儿又呆了三天。（这里不用other， 因day与day没有不同之意。We need three more / another three hands to do the job.我们还需要三个人做这项工作。 （这里不用other ， 因不强调人与人的不同。）He works on the Great Green Wall

7、 with many other people. 他与别的许多人一块在绿色长城上工作。（ other 没有增加之意，表除自己以外的别的人。）5.another/ the other/ other/ others/ the others. another 指不定数目中的“另一个、又一个” （三个以上）用来代替或修饰可数名词。如：I dont think the coat is good enough. Can you show me another?. other 泛指“其余的，别的，另外的”修饰复数名词。如：We study Chinese, maths, English and other

8、subjects. others 泛指“另外的人或物”， 但不指其余的人或物的全部。如：Some like swimming, others like boating. the other 指两个中的“另一个”，one，the other如：He has two sons, one is in Shanghai, the other is in Beijing. the others 特指某一范围内的“其余全部的人或物”如：There are thirty books on the bookshelf. Five are mine, the others are my fathers.6.不定

9、代词onethe other, oneanother, onethe others, someothers, somethe others和one after another,在用法上有如下特点：1）表示两件东西或两个人中“一个另一个”这一意思时，用onethe other。如图所示：onethe otherThere are two books on the desk. One is Lilys, the other is Lucys.课桌上有两本书，一本是莉莉的，另一本是露茜的。2）表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另一个”，用oneanother。如图所示：oneanotherI dont l

10、ike this one, show me another, please.我不要这个，请拿另一个给我看。3）强调确定数目中的“一个”与“其余的”，用onethe others。如图所示：onethe othersOf the six students, one is going home, the others are going to the cinema.六个学生中，一个将要回家，其余(五个人)要去看电影。4）表示许多人或物中的“一部分”和“另一部分(并非全部)”，用someothers。如图所示：someothersThere are lots of people in the par

11、k on Sunday. Some are walking and others are climbing the hills.星期日公园里有许多人，有的在散步，有的在爬山。5）表示许多人或物中的“一部分”“其余的全部分”，用somethe others。如图所示：somethe othersThe students of Class Two are working on the hill. Some are carrying water, some are digging, the others are planting trees.二班的学生正在山上劳动，一些人在提水，一些在挖坑，其余的在

12、植树。6）表示“一个接一个地”，用one after another。The students came one after another.同学们一个接一个地来了。7.answer/ reply. answer “回答、响应、答复、接听电话”。是最普通的用语，包括用口头、书面或行动回答。多作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。如：He answered my question.It is a difficult question to answer. 这是一个难以回答的问题。Please answer my letter as soon as possible. They left a boy t

13、o answer the bell. 他们留下一个孩子应门。.reply “回答、答复”。 但比answer 正式些。它指用口头或书面回答。严格地讲，是指有针对性地详细地回答。 它也指用行动回答。 reply 常用作不及物动词，回答某人或某事。后接to; 当它与直接引语或从句连用时，才用作及物动词。如：I didnt reply to him.我没有答复他。 He replied that he might go. 他回答说他可能去。 8.any/ either二者所指的相关名词或代词的数量不同。. any 指二个以上的“任意一个”人/物。如：When can you go with me t

14、o the city? Any day of this week will do. 什么时候你能陪我去城里？ 这个星期的哪天都行。. either 一般指两个中的“任意一个”且其后不能接不可数名词。如：Can you come on Friday or Saturday? Either will do .你能在星期五还是星期六来吗？ 哪天都行。9. some/ any some和 any既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。但有以下两点需要注意。（1）some常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句和疑问句中。如：There is some water in the glass.Is there a

15、ny water in the glass?There isnt any water in the glass.（2）在说话者希望得到肯定答复的一般疑问句中，或在表示请求，邀请的疑问句中，我们依然用some。如：Would you like some tea?（3）any用于肯定句中时，表“任何、随便”等意思。 如You may come at any time. 你随便什么时候来都可以。10.anyone/ any one. anyone “任何人”其后不跟of 短语。如：Is there anyone at home.?. any one “任何人/物”其后可跟 of 短语。如：Ill s

16、end you any one of these pens.注：类似的用法还有：everyone & every one. 11.arise/ rise. rise “升起、起来”它表“起床”的意义时比get up 正式 ，但不如get up 常用。如：The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。The Chinese people have risen to their feet. 中国人民站起来了。He rises very early. 他起床很早。. arise “出现、发生”。它虽然可表“升起、起来、起床等意思，但现在一般不用于此义，特别是在口语中。如：A

17、new problem has arisen. 出现了一个新的问题。How did the quarrel arise? 争吵是怎样发生的？ 12.arms/ weapon. arms (pl) “武器”着重指用于战争的具体的武器，如枪、炮等。 如：The black people there have taken up arms to defend themselves. 那里的黑人已拿起武器自卫。The soldiers had plenty of arms and ammunition!士兵们有充足的武器和弹药。Lay down your arms! 放下（你们的）武器！. weapon

18、 “武器”单、复数形式都用。它意义比arms 广泛，除指用于战争的各种武器之外，还指虽然不是为战争而制造，但可以用作进攻或防守的器具。如：槌、石子等。此外，weapon 还可以用于借喻。如：The atom bomb is a weapon of mass slaughter. 原子弹是一种大规模屠杀的武器。Look to your weapons. 当心你的武器。A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. 外国语是人生斗争的一种武器。13.around/ round. around 与 round 都可以用着前置词和副词。.

19、 around “在周围”“在周围”“循环地”。表静止的位置。如： They sat around the table. 他们围绕桌子坐着。I found nobody around.我发现周围没有一个人。. round “环绕周围、循环地”表一种活动的状况。如：The earth moves round the sun.地球绕着太阳转。A wheel goes round. 轮子旋转着。注：这两个词现在可以通用，只是around 多用于美国，round多用于英国。14. arrive in/ at, reach, get to几个“到达”：arrive, reach, get to 均有“到

20、达”之意，意义基本相同，但arrive(in)/(at) 与reach, 是正式用语，get to 是通俗用词，常用于口语。（1）reach是个及物动词，它后面可以直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。例如：We reached Shanghai at eight on Monday.（2）arrive是个不及物动词，后面接表示地点的名词作宾语时需在宾语前加介词in或at ，arrive + in + 大地方（国家、城市等）；arrive + at + 小地方（村庄、车站、码头等）。例如： We have already arrived in Shanghai. They arrived at scho

21、ol at 6:30 yesterday.（3）get 是不及物动词。get to 表示到达，多用于口语中。例如：I got to the Capital Cinema at 9:00.注意：当表示到达here, there, home时，arrive或get后不要加介词。例如：When did you get home? When will you arrive there?15.article/ essay/ composition. article “文章、论文”通常指记叙文或论文。如：The article explains how the machine works. 这篇文章说明了

22、这部机器怎样开动的道理。There is an article on education in the paper. 报纸上有一篇论教育的文章。. essay “文章、论文”通常指文学上散文、随笔、杂文等；也指学术性论文。如：We shall read Lu Xuns essays . 我们将读鲁迅的杂文。Can you write an essay in English? 你能用英文写一篇论文吗？. composition “写作、作文”。 尤指学习语文者为练习写作而做的作文。如：He is learning composition. 他在学习写作。The students were req

23、uired to write a composition in English. 要学生写一篇英语作文。16.as soon as/ as early as/ as quickly as. 这三个词都有“尽快、尽早”之意。. as soon as 侧重于“极短时间内”。还表示“一就”之意，引导状语从句。如：Ill return it as soon as I can.我将尽快地把它还给你。. as early as 侧重于一天中的早晨或在限定的时间内再早点，以便能达到预期的目的。如：You should arrive there as early as you can. 你应尽早到达那里。.

24、as quickly as 表做某事的速度非常之快或动作非常之敏捷。如：Please read the text as quickly as you can.请把课文尽快读一遍。17.as soon as/ hardlywhen/ no soonerthan. 三者在意义上基本相同，都有“一就”，“刚就”，但它们各有其特点。. as soon as 最为普通，位置灵活，可在主句前，也可在其后。且可用作多种时态。如：As soon as I went in , Kate let out a cry of surprise. 我一进去，凯特就惊讶地叫了一声。Ill tell him as soon

25、 as he comes back. . hardly when的主句通常 用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，when有时还可换成before.如：He had hardly finished his homework when the light went out. 他刚写完作业灯就灭了。Hardly had I come back when they began quarrelling.我一回来他们就开始吵了起来。（hardly 提前时，句子需要倒装。）. no soonerthan句型中， no sooner一般只置于句首，所以主句有倒装形式。如：No sooner had I known

26、 the news than I telephoned my mother. 我刚知道这个消息就打电话告诉了妈妈。18.aswellas aswell andas well，同too, also，其反义词为either，用于肯定句句尾，表“也，又；同样；（既）又；（不仅）而且：He is a scientist, but he is a poet as well.他是科学家，而且又是诗人。as well as用于肯定句中，起连接作用，同not onlybut also，反义词为neithernor，表“既又；不仅而且”；也：He gave me clothes as well as food.

27、他既给我食物，又给我衣服。（as well as重在强调其前面的人或事物）Small towns as well as big cities are being industrialized. 小城市与大城市一样都在迅速实现工业化。and虽也是连词，但表“和，与，同时”，表示并列或对称的关系，用来连接词、短语或句子：father and son父子；He and I are friends.他和我是朋友。as well as 一般只连接单词或短语,连接两个并列主语时，强调的是他前面的主语 ,谓语动词用就远原则，即谓语动词和前面的主语保持一致；而and 除了连接单词和短语之外，还可以连接两个句子

28、构成并列句，如果连接两个并列主语，谓语动词用复数形式。and 是连接并列的成分,as well asLily as well as Lucy is going there.Lily and Lucy are going there.最主要区别是as well as表伴随,不是主语!19.as/ because/ for/ since. 这三个词都可以用作连词，表“原因、理由” 但有区别：. as “因为、既然”表示的原因或理由是明显的。语意不如because强。当理由是明显的，或者被认为是已知的时，则以用as 为好。如：As he was not well, I decided to go w

29、ithout him. 因为他身体不好，我决定独自去了。As it was getting very late, we soon turned back. 因为已很晚了， 我们很快就回来了。As it is raining, youd better take a taxi. 既然在下雨，你最好乘出租车。. because “因为”表直接而明确的原因或理由。在这几个词中，它的语意最强。回答以why 引导的特殊疑问句时，只能用because . 注意：because 不可以与so 连用。如：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.昨天

30、他只得呆在家里，因为他病了。I did it because they asked me to do it. 我之所以做这件事，是因为他请我做的。-hy cant you do it now? - Because Im too busy. since“既然”比as 较为正式，说明为人所知的原因。语气比because 稍弱，译为“既然”。Since light travels faster than sound, we see lightening before we hear the thunder.因为光比声音传播得快，所以我们先看到闪电，后听到雷声。Since he cant answer

31、 the question, youd better ask someone.既然他回答不了这个问题，你最好问别人吧。Since you are busy, Ill do it for you.既然你忙，我替你做吧。. for “因为”表原因或理由时，用以说明理由，只是解释性的。在这几个词中，它的语意最弱。它少用于口语中，也不用于句首。如：I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶，因为我有事要告诉她。We must get rid of carelessness, for it often lea

32、ds to errors. 我们一定克服粗枝大叶的毛病，因为粗枝大叶常常差错。It must have rained, for the road is wet. 一定下雨了，因为路是湿的。I must go now, for my sister is waiting for me.现在我得走了，我姐姐在等我呢。注：这几个词按语意的强弱来排，其顺序为：becausesince(as)for20.as/ when/ while这三个词都可以用作连词，表时间关系，但有区别：. as “当（在）时候”往往可与when 或while通用，但它着重指主句和从句的动作或事情同时发生或伴随进行，不是一前一后。

33、常用一般现在时或过去时，意为“一边一边”。有时还有“随着”含义。如：I saw him as he was getting off the bus. 当下公共汽车的时候，我看见了他。As he walked on, he felt himself getting more and more tired.他继续往前走的时候，感到越来越疲乏。. when “当（在）的时候”主句和从句的动作或事情可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。既可指较短的时间（即某一具体时间），也可指一段时间。It was raining when we arrived. 当我们到达的时候，正下着雨。hen we were at s

34、chool, we went to the library every day.我们在求学的时候，每天都到图书馆去。. while “当（在）的时候”表主句的动作或事情发生在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程之中。从句通常为进行时态。它有时可与when通用，但它只能指一段时间（a period of time）,而不能指一点时间（a point of time）如上面的第一个例子。又如：Please dont talk so loud while others are working. 别人在工作的时候，请勿大声讲话。While I am washing the floor, you can be

35、cleaning the windows.我洗地板时，你可以擦窗户。21.ask / inquire/ question. ask “问、询问”是最普通的用语，通常表示只是为了获得回答或了解某事而提问。如：I asked him if he could come. 我问他能不能来。Ill ask him how to get there. 我要问他怎样去那儿。. inquire “问、询问”表查究，调查的意思。如：I have inquired of him whether he could help me.我已问过他是否能帮助我。She came to inquire about her f

36、riends health.她来询问她朋友的健康情况。He inquired of me about our work.他向我了解了我们的工作情况。. question “询问、审问、提问”含有提出一连串问题的意味。如：I questioned him about the matter.我问过他这件事。He was questioned by the police.他受到警察的审问。22.ask/ ask for ask偏向“问”， ask for偏向“要求”、“请求”的意思. ask vt “问”后接一个宾语或双宾语。如：Dont ask me, I dont know.别问我，我不知道。h

37、en ask your friend the same questions.然后问你的朋友同样的问题。. ask vi “要求”“邀请”。后接不定式或复合句宾语。如：He asked to join the PLA. 他要求参加人民解放军。The villagers always ask them to stay for lunch. 乡亲们总是请他们留下来吃午饭。. ask for “要求找到某人或某物”在不同情况下有不同的译法。如：He sat down and asked for a cup of tea. 他坐下来要了一杯茶。Last time Mum asked for some g

38、lasses in a shop. 上次妈妈在一家商店里要买几只玻璃杯。. ask sb for sth “向某人要某物”如：Now ask your partner for the answers.向你的搭档要答案去。He came and asked me for his bike.他来向我要他的自行车。23.asleep/ sleep / sleepy . asleep adj “睡着的”；常作表语。如：The children have been asleep.孩子们已睡着了。He was too tired and fell asleep at once.他太累了，立刻就睡着了。.

39、sleep v & n “睡着”。如：You have a good sleep. 你需要好好睡一觉。Last night I sleep very well. 我昨天晚上睡得很好。be sleeping 表示动作，意思是“正在睡觉”；如：-What are the children doing in the room? 孩子们在房间里做什么？-They are sleeping.他们正在睡觉。. sleepy adj “困乏的、想睡的”。如：She is always sleepy. 她总是想睡觉。I feel very sleepy now. 我现在昏昏欲睡。注：sleeping 正在睡觉

40、，asleep 睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy 困的，有睡意的a sleeping baby ；The baby is asleep. Im sleepy.24.at Christmas/ on Christmas. at Christmas 表示“在圣诞节期间”，既可以表示在圣诞节当天，也可以表示在圣诞节前后不久。如：Ill return at Christmas 我将在圣诞节期间回来。. on Christmas 则指“在圣诞节”，一般仅指在十二月二十五日当天。如：Children always get many presents on Christmas Day.在圣诞节孩子们总是

41、收到许多圣诞节礼物。注：on Christmas Eve 指的是“在圣诞节前夜”相当于中国的除夕。25.at first/ first . at first “起初”，多用来表示后来发生的事情或动作，与前面的不同，甚至相反。如：At first she knew nobody but now she has many good friends.起初她谁也不认识，但现在她有很多朋友。. first 用来表示一系列动作或事物的“开始”。如：Be polite. First knock at the door and then go in.要有礼貌。先敲门，再进去。26.at last/ final

42、ly/ in the end这三个都可以作“最后”讲，但用法不同。. at last “最后”表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生，强调努力的结果，带有较强的感情色彩。须用一般过去时。如：Did the man in the shop understand him at last?. finally 表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”， 无感情色彩，只用于过去时。它居句首时较多。Finally he went to see the famous man himself. . in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”，有时可与finally相互替换。但用于将来的预测时，则只能用in the end

43、 如：I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.27.at school/ in school/ in a (the) school. at school表示“在学校、在上学”相对于在家里或在校外。如：My son is at school now. He is not at home or somewhere else. 我儿子现在在学校，他不在家，也不在别的地方。When my brother was at school, he studied very hard.在学校时，我兄弟学习很用功。. in school

44、“在求学、在上学”相对于有工作。如：My daughter still in school She doesnt work.。我女儿还在上学，她不在工作。注：和用at school 强调所在场所或时间。中的in school 则强调主语的身份是学生。因此，in school. 和 at school的着重点不一样，通常不互换使用。. In a / the school “在学校”，不一定指上学。类似的还有：in hospital “生病住院”in a / the hospital表“在医院”（工作或探视病人等）at table “在吃饭”at a / the table “在桌边”(有可能在聊

45、天或看报） Is your friend in school? 你的朋友在上学吗？Your friend looked for you in the school just now.刚才你的朋友在学校里找你。Children are often in hospital when they are young. 孩子们小的时候经常生病住院。She is a good doctor in the hospital.她是医院里的一名好大夫。28.at the beginning/ at the beginning of/ in the beginning. at the beginning 和 in the beginning都可表“起初、开始、原先”之意。两者间没有明显的区别，通常可互换。如：Youll find it difficult to learn Russian at the beginning. 起初，你会觉得俄语很难。In the beginning I didnt know this.开始我不知道这事。. 若表当今世界的开头，则必须用in the beginning eg:In the beginning there were no men nor animals nor plants.在盘古开天辟地时，既没有人，也没有 动植物。. at th