TEM4写作高分技能(上).ppt

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1、TEM4 写作高分技巧 上外贤达 胡妤,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,主讲人胡妤简介 上海外国语大学贤达经济人文学院外语系 英语讲师 参与历年专四辅导，多次参与英语专业四级阅卷 多次荣获先进教师荣誉,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,本讲座任务 使学生清晰了解最新专业四级作文的评分标准所包含的三大方面 立足评分标准，使学生明确如何在获得写作基本分的基础上更上一层楼,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,专业英语四级考试写作部分最新阅卷要求分为三大部分：思想与表达；语言运用能力；写作规范。 “思想与表达” 满分为7分，按考生的表现赋分： 1234567 较差 一般 良好 优秀 “语言运用能力”满分为6分，按考生的表现赋

2、分： 123456 较差 一般 良好 优秀 “写作规范”满分为2分，按考生的表现赋分： 0.511.52 较差 一般 良好 优秀 下面分别分析这三大标准及相应对策。,三大评分标准,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,评分标准1：思想与表达（Ideas and arguments） 1）思想内容（idea content) 内容切题 内容充实 观点明确 论据支持论点 有独到见解 2）表达效果(effectiveness) 表达清晰流畅 有说服力,评分标准1：思想与表达（Ideas and arguments）,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,3）篇章组织结构（rhetorical organization) 每

3、段有主题句 句间衔接自然 段间过渡自然 第一部分明确提出观点 最后一部分自然得出结论 段落排列自然合理,评分标准1：思想与表达（Ideas and arguments）,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,1）思想内容（idea content)立足命题，把握重点 2）表达效果(effectiveness)思路清晰，论据详实 3）篇章组织结构（rhetorical organization)结构完整，衔接自然,评分标准1：思想与表达（Ideas and arguments）,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,1. 审题： 问题解决型、阐述观点型、观点评论型、问题分析型 （较常见的为阐述观点型及观点评论型） 问题

4、解决型 定义：问题解决型作文就是针对命题提出的问题或论题，列举所能够解决的方法、途径，并对这些方法或途径提出自己的挑选观点，然后结合自己的认识和体会，再做出评价或结论。 Case study：1998 TEM-4 WRITING It is now generally accepted that vehicles (cars, trucks, etc.) are a major source of air pollution in cities. You are to suggest only ONE way to solve the problem. One way to solve the

5、 problem 典型问题解决型: One way to solve vehicle pollution problem,思想内容立足命题，把握重点,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,阐述观点型 定义：阐述观点型就是指，对某一个事物、事件或问题的重要性、必要性和正确性、优越性或危害性以及错误性进行的阐述和论证。也就是通过摆事实、讲道理的方式，来说服读者信服某个观点。 Case study：2005 TEM-4 WRITING The Students Union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester,

6、 and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included. My Idea of a University Arts Festival 典型阐述观点型： how it should be organized or what should be included,思想内容立足命题，把握重点,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,观点评论型 定义：观点评论型就是，自己对某个问题的“评论或观点”。考生要针

7、对命题提出要阐述的问题，再从各个方面对这个问题提出考生自己的观点和见解，并要着重阐述赞成或是反对这个观点的理由。 Case study：2009 TEM-4 WRITING Tourism is a booming business in China. However, some people worry that too many tourists may bring harm to the environment, while others dont think so. What is your opinion? Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environ

8、ment? 典型观点评论型：Will or will not bring harm,思想内容立足命题，把握重点,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,问题分析型 定义：问题分析型作文就是，命题内容是关于社会现象或社会问题的，要求作者分析该问题产生的原因或造成的后果。作文通常要求考生使用“因果法”或“比较法”的写作技巧来成文。 Case study：2001 TEM-4 WRITING Travel has become part of our life. And more and more of us have come to know the significance of travel through

9、 our own experience Travel Broadens the Mind 典型问题分析型：Why does travel broaden the mind,思想内容立足命题，把握重点,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,总体思路： 观点表述论据支持总结收尾 分类解剖： 问题解决型 1写作步骤： 第一步：提出论题。针对命题要求，提出论题，阐述其重要性； 第二步：列举方法。列举出解决问题的几种方法或途径； 第三步：做出评价或选择。根据列出的方法或途径，结合自身体会，做出评价或选择； 第四步：自然收尾。总结这一或这些方法的优势所在。,表达效果思路清晰，论据详实,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,Cas

10、e study Title:How to Solve the Problem of Vehicle Pollution Outline： A. Importance of solving the problem of vehicle pollution B. The way to solve the problem C. My suggestion D. Conclusion,表达效果思路清晰，论据详实,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,阐述观点型 1写作步骤： 第一步：提出论点。针对命题，对命题所涉及的问题或现状进行阐述，然后，提出自己的论点； 第二步：论证论点。通过举例、使用事实、数据等方式来论证

11、提出的论点是正确的； 第三步：提出建议或方法。在论证的基础上，重申自己的观点，提出自己的建议或方法来解决问题。,表达效果思路清晰，论据详实,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,Case study Title: My Idea of a University Arts Festival Outline： A. My understanding of Arts Festival and the general idea of how to organize it B. Detailed illustration of the design (theme, content, form, etc.) C. F

12、eatures or advantages of my design,表达效果思路清晰，论据详实,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,观点评论型 1写作步骤： 第一步：提出问题。针对命题，首先要提出命题所涉及的论题，并且按照命题要求，适当对命题给予讨论和评述； 第二步：提出自己的观点，表明自己的态度。根据命题要求提出自己观点和态度的理由何在； 第三步：得出结论。综合前面两步的看法和理由，重申自己的观点。,表达效果思路清晰，论据详实,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,Case study Title: Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment? Outline： A.

13、Presenting the arguments on the topic and stating my stand: tourism will not bring harm B. Giving reasons: tourists environment awareness, boosting economy, etc. C. Conclusion: as long as tourists have cultivated environment awareness, its not harm but benefit that will be brought,表达效果思路清晰，论据详实,英语专业

14、四级考试在线课堂,问题分析型 1写作步骤： 第一步：提出问题或现象。针对命题，概括性地提出所要论述的社会问题和现象的主要特点； 第二步：找出、分析问题的原因或后果。说明问题产生的原因是什么，并分析说明原因造成的后果是什么； 第三步：提出建议或解决问题的方法，或对目前无法解决的问题提出展望。,表达效果思路清晰，论据详实,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,Case study Title: Travel Broadens the Mind Outline： A. Presenting the idea or phenomenon B. Offering reasons: non-book knowledg

15、e, on-the-spot experience, etc. C. Suggestions,表达效果思路清晰，论据详实,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,1. 主题句原则 2. 一二三原则 3. 衔接过渡原则 4. 长短句原则 5. 多变句式原则,篇章结构结构完整，衔接自然,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,怎样使句子多样化 写作时可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。 例：将下列两句句子合并成一句长句 The goats grazed peacefully in

16、the farm. The goats were unaware of the approaching hunter.,篇章结构多变句式原则,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句(1)+（2）) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语短语+简单句) (3) In the farm

17、, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (介词短语+并列分句(1)+(2) ) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句+形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因状语从句+主句),篇

18、章结构多变句式原则,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,评分标准2：语言运用能力（language use） 1） 准确性（correctness） 语法正确 句子结构正确 固定搭配正确 习语正确 用词正确 2）丰富性（richness） 词汇丰富 句子形式多样,评分标准2：语言运用能力（language use）,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,3）得体性（appropriateness） 语气恰当 语言地道 4）流利度（fluency） 完成规定字数 * 5）文笔优美，巧用修辞,评分标准2：语言运用能力（language use）,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,1) 语言丰富性词汇选择标新立异，但是不要过火

19、2）语言丰富性结构造句与众不同 3）语言得体性语气得体，避免Chinglish 4）文笔优美，巧用修辞,评分标准2：语言运用能力（language use）,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,1. 词性转换 给房间通风 Ventilate the room，please. Air the room, please. 我的腿摔破皮了 The skin on my leg was broken. I skinned my knees. 我将给她一个惊喜 I will give her a surprise. I will surprise her.,语言丰富性词汇选择标新立异,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,2

20、.实词升级 小偷走出房间： slip out of the room tiptoe out of the room 小姐走出房间： sail out of the room glide out of the room 小孩走出房间： dance out of the room bounce out of the room 老人走出房间： stagger out of the room hobble out of the room,语言丰富性词汇选择标新立异,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,More examples 1）这套公寓在芳草街的一栋楼上。 A: The flat is in a build

21、ing on Fangcao Street. B: The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street. 2）在周末我们做很多作业。 A: At weekends, we have a lot of homework to do. B: At weekends, we have endless homework to do. 3）洗澡间和厨房都很好。 A: The bathroom and the kitchen are good. B. The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.,语言丰富性

22、词汇选择标新立异,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,1.使用与人不同的表达方式 1）唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。 A: There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s. B: A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1980s. 2）你八月十五日的来信我今天早晨收到了。 A:I received your letter which was written on August 15th this morning. B: Your letter of August 15th

23、 reached/ got to me this morning. 2.使用一些强势句式，如强调句、感叹句、倒装句等，增强语句的表现力。 3）阿福救了我妹妹。 A: Ah Fu saved my sister.(一般句式) B: It was Ah Fu that saved my sister.(强调句式) 4）我们看到庄稼和蔬菜长势喜人很是高兴. A: We were glad to see crops and vegetables growing well.(一般陈述句) B: How glad we were to see crops and vegetables growing we

24、ll.(感叹句),语言丰富性结构造句与众不同,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,3.句式多样，复杂得体。 5）这是一套25平方米的住房，住房里面有卧室、有洗澡间、有厨房；卧室里有床、沙发、桌子和椅子等。 A: Its a flat of 25 square metres. There is a bedroom in the flat. There is a bathroom and a kitchen in it, too. In the bedroom, there is a bed; there is a sofa, a desk and a chair as well. B: Its a fla

25、t of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair.,语言丰富性结构造句与众不同,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,1. 语气得体 避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字 例：Brians mother reprimanded him for blowing his physics test. Improved: Brians mother reprimanded him for failing his physics

26、 test. 除非必要，避免使用第一人称：如“我/我的” 例：I think we should protect the planethome of everyone. Improved: We should protect the planethome of everyone. 避免太多学术性强的语言 例：Close-support, transport, and reconnaissance assistance is provided by the S-3X helicopter, which is the most cost-effective in a crane configura

27、tion. Improved: The S-3X helicopter provides support, transportation, and reconnaissance. However, the helicopter is most cost-effective when it works as a crane.,语言得体性语气得体，避免Chinglish,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,2. 语言地道 借助报刊阅读，扩展常用词汇 Better City， Better Life 城市让生活更美好 to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧 up the tree 骑虎难下 探索

28、语言内涵，培养跨文化意识 Eg. American beauty 带刺的美人 a bed of roses 称心如意之境遇 a social butterfly 交际花 重视朗读，增强语感 Writing naturally. Read it aloud. Does it sound natural? Does it flow?,语言得体性语气得体，避免Chinglish,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,修辞，即调整、修饰文字词句，是写作、说话的一门艺术，对写作者的语言掌握有较高的要求。 常见的修辞手段有如下几种 A. 明喻（Simile） He looked as if he had just s

29、tepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. B. 暗喻（Metaphor） German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh my frien

30、d, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you.,文笔优美巧用修辞,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,C. 拟人（Personification） My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again. This time fate was smiling to him. D. 夸张（Exaggeration） Hamlet: I love Ophelia, forty thousand brothers could not, with all thei

31、r quantity of love, make up my sum. (Shakespeare) My blood froze.,文笔优美巧用修辞,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,E. 借代（Metonymy） Have you ever read Shakespeare?（Shakespeare here refers to literature in general) “.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.” F. 叠言（rhetorical repetition） It must be created by

32、the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man-made destiny. Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly-cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.,文笔优美巧用修辞,英语专业四级考试在线课堂,评分标准3：写作规范（Mechanics） 1）单词拼写正确 2）标点符号正确 3）大小写正确 4）书写美观 5）卷面整洁,评分标准3：写作规范（Mechanics）,