ThewarofIndependence外语104班陈尼玛.ppt

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1、The war of Independence,The war of Independence,The cause of the war. The war is inevitable A. the backdrop of home England. The monarch and parliament were locked in a fierce battle for supremacy failed to formulate a well-founded and consistent policy for colonies weak political control Haphazard

2、development of colonies follow their only plan. “ the settlement was never pursued upon any regular plan ; grew and flourished as accidents as climate. Colonies were private ventures , by individuals and groups, chartered by British government but given little supervision.,The running of colonies: a

3、 governor by crown or proprietors. He appointed some important people council. Free inhabitant allowed to elect representatives to join the council who made up assemblies managing colonial affair and passing ordinances. Britains main concern with colonies mercantilism; It passed a series of trade re

4、gulations “ Navigation Acts( 1651 1696): all goods shipped to England and her colonies be carried in ships owned and manned by Englishmen. All foreign goods going to the English colonies had to be shipped via Britain , where they could be taxed Tobacco, sugar, lumber, cotton shipped to Britain for m

5、anufactured goods Spain and France the rivals for Britain in expansion. Expansion lead to reduced size of living space of Indians,French and Indian war. The French and Indian War referred as part of the larger conflict known as the Seven Years War, was a war fought in North America between 1754 and

6、1763. The name French and Indian War refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various Native American forces allied with them. The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the nations of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of Canada.

7、The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. To compensate its ally, Spain, for its loss of Florida to the British, France ceded its control of French Louisiana west of the Mississippi. Frances colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to

8、 the tiny islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Britains position as the dominant colonial power in North America. In 1759, The British captured Quebec. The next year, the city of Montreal fell to English. End of French rule in Canada. The fighting continue elsewhere for two intermittent

9、years with British surrender Cuba from Spain , one of French allies.,Spain later turned Florida over England in exchange of Cuba. England got all Canada and all the land between the Mississippi river and the Appalachians. France gave New Orleans and all of its territory west of Mississippi to Spain

10、as a sort of compensation for loss of Florida. Britian become the strongest sea power and begin to rule the waves. Side results of the war : a. the birth of a new general Washington distinguished and military capable. b. the way strengthened cooperation and unity of the colonies. c. the idea of unif

11、ication emerged d. the double new territory rendered it difficult for Britsh control over colonies.,Events lead to revolution,Boston Massacre: Results: committee of correspondence were set up all through colonies and it promoted the cooperation and strengthen the unity among colonists.,Boston Tea Pa

12、rty,King George III and his government wanted to tax the American colonies as a way of regaining their war costs. A series of actions including the Stamp Act (1765), The Townshend Acts (1767), and the Boston Massacre (1770) agitated the colonists. When the decision was made to tax tea, that was what

13、 spurred the colonists into action, which in turn laid ground work for the American Revolution.,The colonies felt like they had no obligation to pay taxes imposed by a parliament in which they had no representation. Due to this, Parliament retracted the taxes with exception of a duty on tea a demons

14、tration of Parliaments ability and right to tax the colonies. The Americans would now get their tea at a cheaper price than ever before. However, if the colonies paid the duty tax on the imported tea, they would be acknowledging Parliaments right to tax them.,Tea was a staple of the colonial life it

15、 was assumed that the colonists would rather pay the taxes than deny themselves the pleasure of a cup of tea. This did not fool the colonists. The companies sent out the shipments of tea to Philadelphia, New York, Charleston, and Boston. They were not allowed to land in Philadelphia and New York. Th

16、e tea was sent to a warehouse where it rotted. When Boston permitted a total of three ships to dock, it started a reaction of fury among the townspeople.,Early evening, about 200 men disguised as Indians, known as the Sons of Liberty, assembled by the Old South Meeting House under the guidance of Sa

17、muel Adams. The crowd marched to the harbor where the three ships were docked and dumped 342 chests of tea overboard. The tea that was dumped was to be valued over 90,000 pounds which is equal to $159,611.25!,Intolerable Acts,The British Government considered the Event defiance of the law and wanton

18、 destruction of property. Then- In March 1774, English Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, which included closing Boston Harbor and imposing martial law. Intolerable Acts were: Quartering Act Quartering of British soldiers in civilian homes Quebec Act It rearranged the Canadian Borders. Administ

19、ration of Justice Act It protected royal officials accused of capital crimes. They had to be tried in England. Massachusetts Government Act It gave the royal government direct control over the colony down to town meetings. Boston Port Bill Closed Boston Harbor and reparations were made for the tea t

20、hat had been destroyed.,But English parliament underestimated the colonists attachment to their liberties The widespread ownership of property, the relative economic equality, the small size of government and widely shared right to participate in government.,The First Continental Congress,The First

21、Continental Congress convened in Philadelphias Carpenters Hall on September 5, 1774. The idea of such a meeting was advanced a year earlier by Benjamin Franklin, but failed to gain much support until after the Port of Boston was closed in response to the Boston Tea Party. The Congress did not advoca

22、te independence,Some of the most prominent figures of the era were among the 55 delegates in attendance, including George Washington, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Jay and John Dickinson. Frequent dinners and gatherings were held and were attended by all except the

23、 Spartan Sam Adams. Radicals ( break away from Britain )& moderates ( conciliation ) Result : passive resistance by boycott the trade with Britain. by means of non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption accords Congress paased the Declaration of Rights and Grievances: composed a statement

24、of American complaints. It was addressed to King George III,The First Armed Clash : Early Fighting: the Battles of Lexington,On 15 April 1775, British General Thomas Gage detached a unit of British soldiers to destroy the colonial weapon stores at Concord, MA. The move was not unexpected. When the B

25、ritish troops landed on 18 April, Paul Revere made his famous ride to alert the militias. Upon encountering stout colonial resistance at Concord, the British withdrew to Boston. Along the retreat, the real battle was fought as the British soldiers were subjected to nearly constant sniper fire and am

26、bushes. The British lost nearly 20% of the original force and had to be rescued by reinforcements.,Paul Revere and William Dawes make midnight ride to warn Minutemen of approaching British soldiers,This was the start of the Revolutionary War.( the shot heard round the world) After Lexington and Conc

27、ord, the British occupied Boston. In June, the colonists set up positions on Bunker Hill, overlooking the city. British General Howe had no choice but to dislodge the Americans. Rather than laying siege to the Americans and starving them out, Howe, to better demonstrate British power, favored a dire

28、ct frontal assault into the fortified position. Though eventually successful, Howes tactics cost the British 1054 killed or wounded from a force of 2400-40% casualties.,The Second Continental Congress,While the alarm of Lexington were still resounding, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadep

29、hia on May 10,1775, in a house which later became known as independence Hall. The Congress agree to take steps to organize and equip an American army and appointed Washington the commander in chief. It provided for asking help from France which is rival of Britain. Ont the other hand, the Britsh Gov

30、ernment , under the King Gorge ,issued a proclamation declaring the colonies to be in “ open and avowed rebellion. This made it legal for sending troops to suppress.,When George III responded to the Continental Congress on 23 August by declaring the American colonies in open rebellion. On 18 Novembe

31、r he wrote, blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent.,Meanwhile, Americans patriots worked hard to mobilize public opinion to support revolution. In 1776, Thomas Paine published a pamphlet entitled Common Sense in which he wrote “I offer nothing more than simpl

32、e facts, plain arguments and common sense A government of our own is our natural rights. O! ye that love mankind! Stand forth! Freedom has been hunted round the globe. Europe regards her like a stranger, and England has given her warning to depart. O! receive the fugitive and prepare a place for man

33、kind” Thomas Paine,（1737年1月29日1809年6月8日),英裔美国思想家、作家、政治活动家、理论家、革命家、激进民主主义者。,Paine argued that the American colonies were the children of Europe instead of England, that England had no right to control them and colonies had every right to seek own freedom and economic and political interests. He criti

34、cized one-man rule and ridiculed the ideas of hereditary monarch, declaring that one honest man was worth more to society than “ all the crowned ruffians that ever lived. Paine was not only fighting for the independence of colonies but also preaching a new democratic system that embodied the America

35、n value in its embryonic form.,The Declaration of Independence,In June 1776, In June of 1776, the Continental Congress agreed that a Declaration of Independence needed to be written. Thomas Jefferson, only 33 years old, distilled a century of enlightenment thought into a few sentences: We hold these

36、 truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the

37、consent of the governed. Even if imperfect in their application, the thought that all men were equal and that government existed to serve the people, was revolutionary in a world dominated by monarchy and aristocracy. Jeffersons words have changed the nature of government throughout the world, even

38、the most repressive regimes pay at least lip service to Jefferson. Remember the Ladies is a playful, yet serious letter from Abigail to John Adams asking him to keep women in mind when forming the new government.,1 All people have equal rights. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men

39、are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”,2 Great Britain had treated the colonists wrongfully.,3 The colonies were now an independent country known as the United States of America.,De

40、claration of Independence 3 Main Parts,Significence of Declaration: a. it is the first declaration of Humanrights b. It helps people break with traditional belief that a government must always obeyed whether it was right or wrong.( there are times when people not only have the right to revolt but ev

41、en a duty to do so) c. it justify the forthcoming American revolution,d. it for the first time set out clearly and explicitly a vision not only of government but also of society. ( it formulated the simple, clear and applicable principles for Americans to create a new society. e. the ideas original:

42、 human equality, belief in common human nature, democracy, liberty and the supremacy of the people over government. ( American history has been characterized with struglles over the transplantation of these ideas into practice.,e. It is a masterpiece of political philosophy of the Enlightenment scho

43、ol. 9 the denunciation of feudal privileges for small group of nobles) f. Its call and influence have spread far beyond the American boundaries. The doctrine inspired the mass fervor, more and more the suppressed in the world came to realize that they might fight for a just cause.,The declaration ma

44、kes use of this but instead replaces possessions with the pursuit of happiness. These ideas were incorporated in to the declaration and provided the basis for Jeffersons argument. The ideas that Jefferson borrowed from former thinkers eventually became central to the United States government. These

45、ideas would eventually be incorporated into the Constitution and then ground the arguments of future revolutionaries both in the United States and worldwide.,Nothing is more certainly written in the book of fate than that these people are to be free,Jefferson Memorial, Washington, D.C.,Nor is it les

46、s certain that the two races, equally free, cannot live in the same government. Nature, habit, opinion has drawn indelible lines of distinction between them. - Thomas Jefferson,The process of overcoming disputes over the problem of independence embodies the American way of doing things If the most i

47、mportant question is not What” but” When”, they would solve it by delaying action until doubt would has evaporated because pulic pressure upon the opponents would increse and advocates would be able to win the content of moderates. This is a democractic method completely different from the tradition

48、al method used by governments with absolute power.,Notable fact: Not everyone joined in the revolution. About 20% of the colonists remained loyal to England and become known as loyalists in American history. Some of them are wealthy merchants and plantation owners. About 100,000 loyalists left the c

49、olonies after the break of the war and many of them went to settle in Canada. Many lost their property as result of robbery by mob or official confiscation. Some of them who stayed were persecuted as traitors. For many Americans, the Revolution was a civil war. The war divided families and communities between patriot and loyalist. Most famously, this estranged Benjamin Franklin from his son William.,Battle of Saratoga and French Involvement,The Battle of Saratoga represents the turning point in the Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne planned a three prong