介词短语在句中的用法和判别(9页).doc

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1、-介词短语在句中的用法和判别-第 10 页介词短语在句中的用法和判别一、介词和介词短语的形式介词的形式可以是单个的词，如 at, in, by, of 等；也可以由几个词组成，如 out of（出自；在外），instead of（代替；而不是），because of（由于），in spite of（尽管），by means of（借助于）等；还可以由某些动词的分词形式转化成介词，如 considering（考虑到），including（包括），regarding（关于）等。介词不能独立担任句子成分，而必须与名词、代词、数词、动名词构成介词短语，有时还可以把副词、介词短语、复合结构和从句作为介词

2、的宾语（参阅第 138 节宾语例 1014 等）。兹举例如下：1. They are friends of the Chinese people. 他们是中国人民的朋友。（介词+名词）2. Everything around us is matter. 我们周围的每个东西都是物质。（介词+代词）3. Everything divides into two. 事物都是一分为二的。（介词+数词）4. They work at the instruments factory near here. 他们在这里附近的仪表厂工作。（介词+副词。本结构详见第 140、一。）5. After reading

3、the book, I got to know something about internet phones. 把这本书读完之后，我开始对因特网电话有所了解。（介词+动名词短语）6. It is understood that this machine is out of action. 不用说，这台机器坏了。（复合介词+名词）7. The effects vary from (being) negligible, if below the concentration range, to deadly if above. 如果低于该浓度范围，效果是微不足道的；如果高于该范围，则效果是致命的。

4、（介词+动名词短语。注意 from 和 to 之间插入条件从句，并且有省略成份。）8. With water transformed into steam, the locomotive gains a motive force. （等于 As water is transformed into steam, ）随着水变成蒸汽，机车获得了动力。（介词+复合结构）9. She is well-qualified in typing and very efficient at her work. 她打字完全合格并且工作十分有效。（介词+动名词或名词）10. John is slow at unde

5、rstanding, but you have to be patient with him. 约翰理解慢，但你得耐心对待他。（同上）11. a. She is angry with her child. 她跟她的孩子生气。（介词+名词）b. She is angry about her child staying out so late. 她对她的小孩在外逗留那么晚感到生气。（about 接一个复合结构。）c. They were angry at being asked such a question. 他们对被提问这样一个问题而感到生气。（at 接一个被动态的动名词短语。）从上述 a，b

6、，c 三句中可看出，根据不同的需要，形容词 angry 后面用了三个不同的介词来表示三种不同的情况。注 1：介词后的复合结构类型不少，详见第 54 节、一、 B 例 511，13，14，和 C。1. I know little concerning (或 touching) the computer viruses. 关于这些计算机病毒我知道很少。（由分词转来的介词+名词）2. Power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed. 电力能输送到需用电的任何地方。（介词+介词宾语从句）注 2：单独由介词通过连词 that 引出介词宾语从句的并不多见

7、（仅 except that，besides that，in that 等几个），后接由疑问词引出的介词宾语从句较为常见。1）I know nothing about him except that he lives next door. 除了他住在隔壁以外，我对他一无所知。2）Besides that he used the computer, he repaired it when it was out of order. 他不仅使用了这台计算机，并且当计算机发生故障时还进行了修理。3）We disagreed in that the plan was not practical. 当时我

8、们不同意是由于该计划不切合实际。（也可理解为引出原因从句。）注 3：大多数介词是通过疑问词引出介词宾语从句的，较少数通过先行代词 it, 再由 that 引出介词宾语从句，极少数直接由 that 引出介词宾语从句。例如：1）What do you know about how rain and snow are formed? 关于雨雪怎样形成，你知道些什么呢？2）One of the more serious problems is that of what measures we can take to get more fresh water. 较为严重的问题之一是我们采取什么措施才能获

9、得更多的淡水（that 代表前面 problems 中的单数。）3）They can count on it that you will help them overcome the difficulty. 他们可以指靠你们帮助他们克服困难。4）He agrees on it that I shall go to Beijing on business. 他同意我去北京出差。5）We insist (on it) that he (should) be present at the conference. 我们不坚持要他出席会议。6）The accident couldnt have happ

10、ened except that it did. 那事故本来不可能发生，但却发生了。注 4：任意“疑问词+不定式”在句中可以顶一个名词用，作介词的宾语，而介词 except 和 but 还可用带 to 或不带 to 的不定式动词作为介词宾语。1）He didnt know anything about how to go abroad for further studies. 当时他对于如何出国深造一无所知。2）The question of where to learn spoken Chinese is quite important. 在哪里学汉语口语的问题是很重要的。3）I canno

11、t choose but (或 except) to go there by air. 我别无选择，只能坐飞机去那里。4）She will do anything but come here once more. 她绝不再次到这里来。（介词 but 前出现 do，故后面不定式动词就不带 to。）二、介词短语在句中的作用. 作定语：1. The formula for kinetic energy is applicable to any object that is moving. 动能公式可适用于任何运动的物体。2. Did you like the last grand fashion s

12、how of the 20th century? 你（当时）喜欢 20 世纪最后一次盛大的服装展览吗？3. A hydrogen molecule consists only of two hydrogen atoms with the same atomic weight. 氢分子仅由两个原子量相同的氢原子所组成。注意有些介词短语表示数量（包括倍数）的范围，可用作前置定语。例如：1. To evaporate 1 lb of water from a solution, form 1,000 to 1,200 Btu is needed, and this calls for from 1

13、to 1.3 lb of steam. 从溶液中蒸发出1磅水，需要 1000 到 1200 英热单位，而这就需要 l 到 1.3 磅水蒸汽。II. 作状语：1. In these circumstances the potential energy turns to kinetic energy. 在这些情况下，位能变为动能。2. In large amounts petroleum is used for manufacturing many chemicals. 石油大量地用于制造许多化工产品。（若将 in large amounts 挪到句末，则它就说明动名词 manufacturing

14、。）3. In spite of the difficulties, we went on with our work. 尽管有困难，当时我们仍继续工作。4. We should on no account (或 should not on any account) neglect our daily physical exercises. 我们决不应该忽视每天的体育锻炼。5. We must never for a moment divorce ourselves from the masses. 我们永远一刻也不脱离群众。6. Jenny lives across the street f

15、rom us. 詹妮住在我们街道对面。7. Such strange animals have at times been seen. 这样一些奇怪的动物有时就见到。III. 作表语：1. Alloys are of great use. 合金大有用处。2. The small particles are in random motion. 微粒处于杂乱无章的运动之中。3. The flow of the liquid is from A to B. 该液体是从 A 往 B 流动的。（未按原文结构翻译）. 作宾语补语或主语补语：1. We must keep the machines in g

16、ood order. 我们必须保持机器正常运转。（宾语补语）2. Petroleum is considered of great value. 石油被认为很有价值。（主语补语）. 介词跟有关动词（包括分词、不定式、动名词）、名词或形容词搭配连用：A. 动词与介词搭配：1. Hydrogen and oxygen can unite in (或 into) water. 氢和氧能化合成水。2. He does not know how to make use of this waste gas. 他不知如何利用这种废气。3. We should place stress on this pro

17、blem. 我们应当强调这个问题。4. A catalyst changes the speed of a chemical reaction without entering into it. 催化剂能改变化学反应速度而不参与反应。5. If acting on a body, a force can change its speed. 如果一个力作用于物体上，它就能改变物体的速度。6. Considered as a building material, wood is not very strong. 虽然木头被认为是一种建筑材料，但强度不大。7. The difference betw

18、een the two phones consists in functions. 这两架电话的差别在于功能不同。8. The liquid tastes of lemon. 该液体有柠檬味。B. 名词与介词短语搭配：介词与动词的搭配，一般也可引申到与动词具有相同词根的抽象名词上去，使这些名词也能具有这样的搭配关系：1. The combination of theory with practice is essential to us. （比较：to combine theory with practice）理论联系实际对我们是不可缺少的。2. The direction of motion

19、 can be changed by the action of another force on a body. （比较：Another force acts on a body）运动的方向可由另外一个力作用于物体上而改变。3. The quantity of work is determined by force and motion in the direction of the force. （比较：to move in the direction of the force） 功的数值取决于力和沿着力的方向的运动。4. The introduction of laser into in

20、dustry has only just begun. （比较：to introduce laser into industry）激光用于工业还只是刚刚开始。5. Essential English is a course for the teaching of English to foreign students. （比较：to teach English to foreign students） 基础英语是教外国学生英语的一门课。6. The Pearl Rivers flow into the sea is only second to that of the Yangtze Rive

21、r.（比较：The Pearl River flows into the sea. ） 珠江入海流量仅次子长江。7. They discussed the definition of energy as the capacity to do work. （比较：to define energy as the capacity to do work） 他们讨论了能是作功本领的定义。C. 形容词与介词搭配：1. A chemical change is different from a physical change. 化学变化不同于物理变化。2. This quality is characte

22、ristic of all metals. 这种性质是一切金属所特有的。3. The pressure is perpendicular to the direction of motion. 该压力垂直于运动方向。4. All effects are dependent on their causes. 一切结果是依原因而转移的。注：形容词后面要求用固定的介词为数不少。现再举例如下：be fortunate in so many books（他）很幸运有那么多书；be honest in the intentions（他）动机真诚；be keen on doing sth. 渴望做某事；be

23、 rude to sb. 对某人粗鲁；remain dependent on the parents（儿童）仍然依赖于家长；be grateful for sbs advice（我）感谢某人的忠告；be bad at French（她）法语很糟糕；be not fond of dancing（我）不喜欢跳舞；be sure (或 certain) of success（她）确信成功be far away form China（他们）远离中国；be quick at understanding（他）理解快；be valid for China（这张护照即 this passport）对中国有效；

24、be quite sensitive to criticism（他）对批评很敏感；be content with（我）对很满足；be kind to sb.（她）对某人很和蔼；be busy with（或 at, about, in）the work（他）忙于工作；contrary to sbs expectations 出乎某人意料等。注：注意有时形容词跟它的固有的介词短语有分割现象。例如：The language is certainly not a different language from that of everyday life. 语言当然不是和日常生活的语言迥然不同的。三、介

25、词短语用法判別时注意事项. 注意动词与不同的介词搭配，会有各种意思。现以 make 为例：to make use of 利用；to make wine from rice 用米制造酒；to make a thing into 拿某东西制成（帽子即 the hat）；to makeof great value 使（计算机）成为很有价值；to be made a box out of 以 制成箱子；to make away with 拿走（笔），灭掉（证据即 the proof），浪费（钱、财）；to make up for 弥补（损失即 the loss）；to be made up of（物质

26、）由构成等。为此，得多翻阅辞典，以查清动词与介词是否构成固定词组，但难点还在于当这些词组中的介词宾语变为中心词而构成被动态时，中心词与介词分隔开，词序也颠倒，就不好辨别。例如：1. Atomic energy can be made use of in the production processes. 原子能是可以在这些生产过程中加以利用的。（主动态为：People can make use of atomic energy. ）2. He was listened to with great interest. 当时人们怀着很大的兴趣听他讲话。（主动态为：People listened t

27、o him with great interest. ）3. We consider that the wishes of the speaker and those of the person spoken to or spoken of are the same. （斜体字部分为过去分词短语作后置定语，说明前面的 person。可联系 to speak to 和 to speak of 用法。）我们认为，讲话者的愿望和听讲者或讲话申所提到的人的愿望是相同的。4. Water is spoken of as containing the two elements hydrogen and o

28、xygen. 水被说成含有氢和氧两种元素。5. Your sentence needs adding a question mark to. 你的句子需要加一个问号。（句中 to 后面未出现的宾语正是句中的主语。）有时同一动词（例如 arrive）后面可有三个不同介词的搭配：1. a. He arrived at the five-star hotel on time. 他准时到达五星级饭店。（到达小地方时，arrive 后面用 at。）b. I arrived in Tianjin yesterday. 我昨天到达天津。（到达大城市时，arrive 后面用 in。）c. The police

29、man arrived on the scene. 警察到达了现场。（纯系习惯用法。）II. 同一形容词，后面介词不同，会引起差异：1. They are familiar with cloning technology. 他们精通克隆技术。（划线部分原意为“熟悉”。）2. The subject is familiar to us. 我们熟悉这个课题。（划线部分原义是“对说来是熟悉的”。）3. He is skilful at swimming. 他很会游泳。4. She is skilful in negotiation. 她善于谈判。5. He is skilful with a too

30、l. 他善于使用工具。III. 同一介词，由于所搭配的词不同，也会具有各种含义。现以 in 为例：in China 在中国；in a sense 在某种意义上；in all directions 沿着各个方向；in the right proportion 按照恰当的比例；in the main 大体上，基本上；in excess 过度，过量；in coordination 协调地；in common 共同等甚至有时同一介词短语，在不同上下文中都会有不同含义。例如：1. We shall start this work in a week. 一星期后我们开始这项工作。2. I shall se

31、e him several times in a week. 我将在一周内见到他几次。3. He completed the work in a week. 他用一周时间完成了这项工作。. 某些及物动词接上介词，就变为不及物动词，有时词义还有所变化。1. I looked but saw (vt.) nothing. 我看了，但未见到什么。2. This machine is out of order. Please see (vi.) to it. 这台机器发生故障。请检修一下。（see to 原义为“留心”、“注意”。）3. If you dont believe him, go and

32、see (vi.) into the matter. 如果你不相信他，你就去调查这件事吧。4. This news started (vi.) him thinking. 这条消息引起他的思考。5. I shall start（vi.) for Shanghai on Sunday at the latest. 我最迟星期日动身去上海。6. We must do our best to serve (vi.) the people. 我们必须尽力为人民服务。7. This box will serve（vi.) for a seat. 这只箱子可当个座位。（“to serve for” 原义为

33、 “供作用”。）. 介词宾语相同，而介词不同，会有很大差异。现以名词 business 和 itself 为例：1. He will go to Beijing on business. 他将出差去北京。2. This firm is now more the 30 years in business. 这家商行已经营 30 多年了。3. We go to business at eight in the morning. 我们早晨八点去上班（或办公）。4. He has been pressed by business. 他已经是非常繁忙。5. Such an animal often li

34、ves by itself. 这样的动物常常独居。6. The door closes of itself. 这门能自关。7. It is a small thing in itself. 这本来是件小事。8. I saw him on the way home. 我在回家路上见到了他。9. Dont stand in the way. 不要挡路站着。. 注意介词短语在句中的位置：介词短语作状语一般在句首或句末（见本节 一 第 5，8，9，10 句和二、II 第 1，2，3 句），只是有些介词短语可紧挨谓语（见本节二、 第 4，5 句）；作定语时放在所修饰的名词后面（见本节、一第 1，2，4

35、句和二、 I），尤其当位于主语和动词中间时，则基本上作主语的定语（见本节一、第 2 句和二、 第 1 句）。要注意两个前后相呼应的介词短语有时被分割的现象。例如：Millions of calculations may be done from the time when the scientific facts, or information, are put in to the time when the final answer reaches the output section. 从输入科学事实即信息时算起，一直到在输出段得到最后答案时为止，也许进行了千百万次计算。（句中 form

36、to 前后呼应，但中间插上定语从句，修饰 the time。）. 几个介词短语连用时，必须根据上下文逐个解决其与哪个词有关：1. The unit of measurement of the pressure of water is the pound. 水压的计量单位是磅。（三个 of 短语各修饰其前面的名词）2. A thermometer is placed in a mixture of ice and water in a beaker. 有一个温度计放在烧杯内冰和水的混合物中。（第一个介词短语作 is placed 的状语，第二个作 mixture 的定语，而第三个根据逻辑判别应作

37、“冰、水混合物”的定语。）3. Power is measured by dividing the work done by the time used in doing the work. 功率可由所作的功除以作功所用的时间来测量。（第一个介词 by 短语是谓语的状语，第二个 by 短语是动名词 dividing 要求搭配用的；第三个 in 短语是作 time 的定语用的过去分词 used 所要求的搭配关系。). 注意有些介词来自动词，只是表面上似乎具有动词的非谓语形式。例如：1. Failing an answer, write another letter to us. 如果无答复，请再

38、次写信给我们。2. Seeing her youth and inexperience she is not fit for the work. 由于她年轻没有经验，不适于作这项工作。3. He did it very well considering his age. 就他年龄而论，这件事他干得很好。注：参阅“-ing 的用法和判别”第 54 节、一、XV。. 注意有些词，既是介词，又可作副词用：介词副词1. He is in the laboratory. 他在实验室。1. Hand in your exercise books. 把练习本交来。2. Lubricating oils ca

39、me well up the range of boiling points. 润滑油大大地超过了这个沸点范围。2. We must speed up the development of information industries. 我们必须加速信息产 业的发展。3. She got off the bus. 她走下公共汽车。3. This reaction gives off a small quantity of heat. 该反应放出少量热。4. They passed the square by bus. （那时）他们乘车经过广场。4. They passed by in a line. （那时）他们排着队通过。上述副词位置能挪后，但直接宾语为代词时，副词只能放在后面。介词位置不能挪后。