形容词短语(13页).doc

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1、-形容词短语-第 14 页备课资料英语形容词（短语）作状语在中学英语教材中,形容词在句中作定语、表语和宾语补足语的情况很多,但作状语的时候也不少。如:Thebagfellonthefloorandbrokeopen.袋子掉到地上摔破了。Gladtoaccept,thegirlnoddedheragreement.这姑娘乐于接受,点头表示同意。形容词（短语）作状语时,通常说明主语的情况,即表示主语的状态、性质、特征等,有时它和宾语的关系密切,且可位于句首、句末和句子中间,通常和句子的其它部分用逗号分开,但单个形容词可以连在一起。一、形容词（短语）作状语说明主语的情况,可以表示动作或状态发生的原因

2、、方式、时间等,或对谓语作补充说明。1.表示原因,但原因意义不很突出,有时是并列的。例如:Afraidofdifficulty,hepreferstodotheeasymathsproblem.他害怕困难,宁愿做容易的数学题。Anxiousforaquickdecision,ourleadercalledforavote.我们队长急于迅速作出决定,要求进行表决。2.表示方式。例如:Thelostboyspentthreedaysintheforestcoldandhungry.那个迷路的男孩又冷又饿地在森林中过了三天。Irecitedthetextinalowvoicecarefulnotto

3、showmybadfeelings.我低声背诵课文,小心翼翼地不流露自己的坏心情。Themoonhadjustrisen,verygolden,overthehill.月亮刚刚升起,挂在山上,十足的金黄色。3.形容词（短语）作状语时,它和句中谓语动词在意义上的联系不密切,只是对谓语补充说明。EffectivethefirstofOctober,oursupermarketwillcloseateleven.我们超市十一点关门,从十月一日起生效。Contrarytoalladvice,theystartedtoclimbthemountainduringastorm.他们不听一切劝告,冒着风暴出

4、发登山。4.形容词（短语）作状语可表示时间。例如:Ripe,thesepeachesaresweet.这些桃子熟了时是很甜的。Enthusiastic,theymakegoodstudents.用功的时候,他们是好学生。二、说明宾语的情况时,形容词（短语）作状语紧接其后。例如:Theyatethebeefcold.他们吃的牛肉是凉的。Ipushedthewindowopen.我把窗子推开。这种结构为被动句时,形容词则又变为说明被动句中主语的情况。例如:Thedoorwaspushedopen.门被推开了。Theappleswerepickedripe.这些苹果是熟的时候摘的。什么是形容词短语?

5、1.形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。2.两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。Your room is large and beautiful.你的房间大且美丽。（large and beautiful是形容词短语。）He is young but clever.他年轻但聪明。（young but clever是形容词短语。）3.very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。It is very hot today.今天很热。（very hot是形容词短语。）The room was awfully dirty.这屋子太脏了。（aw

6、fully dirty是形容词短语。）The road is long enough.这路够长的。（long enough是形容词短语，enough在形容词后作修饰语。）4.介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。I am sure of success.我确信会成功的。（sure of success是形容词短语。）The bottle is full of water.瓶子里装满了水。（full of water是形容词短语。）5.不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。He is sure to come.他一定会来的。（sure to come是形容

7、词短语。）形容词短语的句法功能1.形容词短语作补语。The bridge is long and wide.这座挢又长又宽。（long and wide是主语补语。）He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry.他又饿又冷地在风雪中过了七天。（cold and hungry是主语补语。）I think your answer correct and proper.我认为你的答案是正确的并且是恰当的。（correct and proper是宾语补语。）2.形容词短语可用在名词的前面或后面作修饰语。You have a smal

8、l but beautiful room.你有一个漂亮的小房间。（形容词短语small but beautiful修饰后面的名词room。）He is a worker worthy of praise.他是一个值得表扬的工人。（形容词短语worthy of praise修饰前面的名词a worker。）Every nation, big and small, has its strong points and weak points.每个民族，无论大小，都有自己的优点和缺点。（由and或or连接的形容词短语修饰前面的名词，起强调的作用。）什么是副词短语?副词短语用法1.副词短语是指由几个副词

9、或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。2.两个或多个副词可以由and，but等对等连词构成副词短语。I tried again and again.我试了一遍又一遍。（again and again是副词短语。）She types quickly and correctly.她打字快且准确。3.very等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。He runs extremely fast.他跑得快极了。（extremely fast是副词短语。）He can finish that much quicker.他能以快得多的速度完成它。（much quicker是副词短语。）The teacher s

10、peaks clearly enough.老师说得够清楚的。（clearly enough是副词短语，enough在副词后作修饰语。）4.介词及其宾语可用在副词后修饰副词，可与副词构成副词短语。He ran fast on his way home.回家的路上他跑得很快。（fast on his way home是副词短语。）He speaks English slowly to his students.他以缓慢的速度对他的学生们说英语。（slowly to his student是副词短语。）5.不定式或不定式短语在副词后作修饰语，可与副词构成副词短语。She tried hard to

11、move the box.她费力要移动那个箱子。（hard to move the box是副词短语。）副词短语的句法功能1.副词短语在句中主要用作修饰语，修饰动词。I warned him again and again.我一再警告他。（副词短语again and again修饰warned。）Dont talk so loudly.别大声喧哗。（副词短语so loudly修饰talk。）什么是介词短语?介词短语用法1.介词短语是由介词及其宾语构成的短语。You are here at last.你终于来了。（at last是介词短语。）Who is in charge of the dep

12、artment?谁负责这个部门？（in charge of是介词短语。）2.由at构成的介词短语，如：at all(根本)，at first(最初)，at any cost(以任何代价)，at hand(在附近)，at once(马上)。3.由by构成的介词短语，如：by no means(决不)，by oneself(独自)，by the way(顺便)，by all means(一定要)，by chance(偶然)。4.由from构成的介词短语，如：apart from(除了)，far from(很不)，from time to time(不时)，from now on(从现在起)。5.由

13、in构成的介词短语，如：in public(在公开场合)，in detail(详细的)，in advance(事先)，in fashion(流行)，in return(作为回报)。6.由off构成的介词短语，如：off balance(失衡)，off duty(下班)，off the price(减价)，off guard(不提防)，off ones head(有点发疯)。7.由on构成的介词短语，如：on average(平均)，on business(因公)，on the job(上班)，on foot(走路)，on time(准时)。8.由out of构成的介词短语，如：out of d

14、anger(脱离危险)，out of hand(缺人)，out of reach(不可及)，out of debt(还清债务)，out of sight(看不见)。9.由to，up to，with，within，without构成的介词短语，如：to the point(中肯)，up to date(时髦)，with regard to(关于)，within range(在范围内)，without delay(毫不拖延)。介词短语的句法功能1.介词短语作主语。After the meeting is the time to visit.会后是参观的时间。（介词短语After the meeti

15、ng作主语。）2.介词短语作补语。Mrs. Smith is at home.史密斯太太在家。（介词短语at home作主语补语。）I found my book under the table.我在桌下找到了我的书。（介词短语under the table作宾语补语。）3.介词短语作修饰语。Which is your place at the table?你坐在桌子的什么地方？（介词短语at the table作名词place的修饰语。）I dont like it at all.我根本不喜欢它。（介词短语at all作动词dont like的修饰语。）什么是不定式短语?不定式短语用法1.不

16、定式及其宾语可以构成不定式短语。I am glad to meet you.我很高兴见到你。（to meet you是不定式短语。）He hurried to the railway station to find that the train had gone.他赶到火车站发现火车已经开了。（to find that the train had gone是不定式短语。）2.副词作修饰语，可以与不定式构成不定式短语。I advised him to get up early.我建议他早起。（to get up early是不定式短语。）The teacher ordered me not to

17、 smoke.老师命令我不准抽烟。（not to smoke是不定式短语。）3.介词及其宾语作修饰语，可以与不定式构成不定式短语。【参见不定式】Would you like to go to the movies?你想去看电影吗？（to go to the movies是不定式短语。）He did not want to stay in the hotel.他不想待在旅馆里。（to stay in the hotel是不定式短语。）The task is difficult for me to do.这项任务对我来讲很难执行。（for me to do是不定式短语。）不定式短语的句法功能1.不

18、定式短语作主语。To learn English well is important.学好英语是重要的。（不定式短语To learn English well作主语。）2.不定式短语作宾语。He pretended not to see me.他假装没看见我。（不定式短语not to see me作宾语。）I havent decided whether to sell it or not.我还没有决定是否卖它。（不定式短语whether to sell it or not作宾语。）I find it difficult to understand him.我发现很难理解他。（不定式短语to

19、understand him作真正宾语，it是形式宾语。）3.不定式短语作补语。My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.我的意见是从北面爬上山。（不定式短语to climb the mountain from the north作主语补语。）The teacher asked me to open the window.老师要我打开窗户。（不定式短语to open the window作宾语补语。）4.不定式短语作修饰语。【参见不定式在句中的作用】I have no wish to quarrel with you.我不想和你吵架。（不定

20、式短语to quarrel with you作名词wish的修饰语。）He ran to catch the bus.他跑步去赶公车。（不定式短语to catch the bus作动词ran的修饰语。）Henry was happy to hear the news.听到这个消息亨利很高兴。（不定式短语to hear the news作形容词happy的修饰语。）什么是不定式?1.不定式是非限定动词，不受主语的人称和数的限制，一般由to原形动词构成，有时可不带to或不可带to。2.不定式的简单式由to原形动词构成，其动作发生的时间和主要动词所发生的时间一致或在之后。I am glad to s

21、ee you.我见到你很高兴。（动作am glad与see you同时发生。）They promised to raise money for us.他们答应为我们筹备款项。（动作promised发生在raise money for us之前。）3.不定式的进行时由toBE现在分词构成，表示其动作发生的时间和主要动词发生的时间一致。I pretended to be sleeping.我假装正在睡觉。She was found to be stealing money in the store.她正在商店里面偷东西时被人发现。4.不定式的完成时由toHAVE过去分词，表示其动作在主要动词发生的

22、时间以前发生。I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.很抱歉让你久等了。She seemed to have known the facts.她似乎已经知道事实真相了。5.不定式也有被动式，基本形式是toBE过去分词。【参见动名词】The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.明天要开的会是很重要的。什么是原形不定式?1.原形不定式是不加to的不定式。2.原形不定式用在助动词后；ought，used除外。It cant be true.这不可能是真的。You ought to tell me.你应该

23、告诉我。3.原形不定式用在感官动词see，hear，feel，watch，look at，listen to后，但在它们的被动语态中要用带to的不定式或现在分词。I heard her sing a good song.我听到她唱一首好歌。She was heard to sing a good song.有人听到她唱一首好歌。She was heard singing a good song.有人听到她正在唱一首好歌。4.原形不定式用在使役动词let，make，help，have后，但在它们的被动语态中，要用带to的不定式。He made us laugh.他使我们笑。We were mad

24、e to laugh.我们被弄笑了。5.原形不定式的惯用法。【参见感官动词，使役动词】You had better finish your homework.你最好完成你的功课。I would rather stay at home than go to the movies.我宁愿在家里也不愿去看电影。All that we do every day is study.我们每天做的只是研读。不定式在句中的作用1.不定式作名词，可当主语，宾语或补语。To forgive is divine.宽恕是神圣的。（不定式to forgive作主语。）I try to keep calm.我努力保持平静

25、。（不定式to keep calm作宾语。）My aim is to win the match.我的目的是赢得比赛。（不定式to win the match作主语补语。）It is dangerous to drive fast.开快车是危险的。（不定式to drive fast作宾语补语。）2.不定式作形容词，有形容词的限定用法和形容词的叙述用法。I want to find something to eat.我想找点东西吃。（形容词的限定用法：to eat修饰前面的不定代词something。）We are to leave for Japan next Friday.我们下星期五去日本

26、。（形容词的叙述用法：to leave作主语补语。）I think it to be my mistake.我认为是我的错误。（形容词的叙述用法：to be作宾语补语。）3.不定式作副词，可修饰动词，形容词或其他副词。He hurried to the railway station to find that the train had gone.他赶到火车站发现火车已经开了。（to find修饰动词，表示结果。）I am glad to meet you.我见到你很高兴。（to meet you修饰形容词，表示原因。）He is too tired to go to work.他太累了不能去

27、上班。（to go to work修饰副词too。）4.不定式前加疑问词可构成名词短语。【参见动名词在句中的作用】I dont know how to cook.我不知道如何做饭。Tell me what to do next.告诉我下一步做什么。Where to go is a question.去哪里是个问题。I cant decide whether to go to university or to find a job.我不能决定是去上大学还是去找个工作。什么是不定式句型?1.hope，expect，want，mean，try，agree，promise，refuse，prepare

28、，pretend等动词，表示请求，想要，打算，试图，答应，拒绝，准备，假装做某事，后接不定式。We expect to see you at the ceremony.我们期待着在仪式上见到你。I dont mean to say we are perfect.我没打算说我们是完全正确的。Ill try to do my best.我将尽力而为。2.too形容词不定式(太而不能)。He is too young to go to school.他太小了不能上学。3.形容词enough不定式(足可)。He is rich enough to buy a Rolls Royce.他够富有的，足可买

29、一辆劳斯莱斯轿车。4.in order，so as不定式表目的。In order to catch the train I got up early.为了要赶上火车我得早起。（in order to可放在句中或句首。）Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.悄悄地进去为的是别把婴儿吵醒。（so as to只可用在句中。）5.soas不定式(很以致)，表结果。He was so kind as to give me a free ride.承他好意让我搭他的便车。（for名词或代词的宾格不定式，在此结构中for及其宾语构成的短语，实际上是不定式所表示的动

30、作的逻辑主语，此结构称作带逻辑主语的不定式，在句中可充当不同的成份。）English is not difficult for us to learn.英语对我们来说不难学。（不定式作主语。）It is not difficult for us to learn English.对我们来说学英语不难。（不定式作主语。）Youd better find some work for them to do.你最好找些工作给他们做。（不定式作形容词，修饰 work。）This is for you to decide.这是要由你来决定的。（不定式作主语补语。）I think it right for

31、him to work here.我认为他在此工作是对的。（不定式作宾语补语。）The poem is too long for a child to recite.此诗太长，小孩背诵不了。（不定式作副词，修饰too long。在此句中to recite的宾语是poem，因此在不定式后不可加代词作其宾语。）6.ItBE表示人的品性或特征的形容词of人(宾格)不定式。【参见动名词句型】7.在这类结构中只能用那些可修饰行为，动作以及人物的形容词，如kind，nice，good，brave，clever，wise，stupid，foolish，honest，thoughtful，generous，c

32、areless，cruel等。Its careless of me to forget to lock the door.我粗心大意，忘了锁门。定式误用辨析详解1.中文：为了准时，我们加快了步伐。(误)So as to be in time we hurried.(正)In order to be in time we hurried.（so as to只可放在句中，in order to可放在句首或句中。）2.中文：你说这些话真傻。(误)Its very foolish for you to say so.(正)Its very foolish of you to say so.（表示评价的

33、形容词被带逻辑主语的不定式修饰时，介词要用of。）3.中文：你没有告诉他们永远不要做那件事吗？(误)Didnt you ask them to never do that?(正)Didnt you ask them never to do that?（never要放在to之前。）4.中文：你没有告诉他们永远不要做那件事吗？(误)Here is a new book for you to read it.(正)Here is a new book for you to read.（作形容词用法的带逻辑主语的不定式for you to read的宾语，实际上就是它所修饰的new book，其后不可

34、再加宾语。）5.中文：他够年龄，可以上学了。(误)He is old enough so that he can go to school.(正)He is old enough to go to school.（形容词enough不定式表示足够而可。）6.中文：他太好了，寄给我许多书。(误)He was so good to send me a lot of books.(正)He was so good as to send me a lot of books.（so.as to表示如此以致。）7.中文：你最好不要在下雨天出去。(误)You had better not to go out in the rain.(正)You had better not go out in the rain.（had better(not)后接原形不定式。）8.中文：你喜欢听别人谈话吗？(误)Do you like listening to others to talk?(正)Do you like listening to others talk?（感官动词或使役动词的宾语补语用原形不定式。）