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1、-动词及动词短语-第 55 页第八章 动词及动词短语动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词在英语中很重要,在句子中常作谓语,与时态紧密联系。动词可分为实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。按其在句中作用可分为限定动词和非限定动词,即实义动词和非谓语动词。一、实义动词实义动词具有自身意义,可以单独作句子谓语。根据动词后可否跟宾语,可将实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。(一)及物动词及物词后面可以直接接宾语。有的动词必须接一个宾语,有的必须接两个宾语。如:How long can I keep the book?这本书我可以借多久?Crude oil contains many useful substa
2、nces.原油含有许多有用的物质。Mr. Zhang teaches us music.张老师教我们音乐。Dr. Bethune set us a good example.白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。I need her help.我需要她的帮助。l believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。(二)不及物动词不及物动词本身意义完整,不及物动词后面不直接接宾语,一般要加介词后再接宾语。如:Birds can fly. 鸟会飞。It happened in juke 1932.t这件事发生于1
3、932年6月。My watch stopped. 我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 他在昨天晚上的会上发了言。实际上在英语中有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况。(1)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after left school.她毕业后当图书管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chic
4、ago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave作及物动词)They left last week.他们是上周离开的。(left作不及物动词)(2)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:Wash your hand before meals.饭前要洗手。Does the cloth wash well?这布经得起洗吗?与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:(1)有的动词在英语里只能做不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:We arrived at th
5、e railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不能省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不能省去)(1)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语中不能用作及物动词,如serve为服务。Our children are ta
6、ught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务。二、连系动词系动词是连接主语和表语的词,是表示谓语关系的词。有数和人称的变化。表状态的常见系动词有:be是 look看上去 seem 看上去appear看上去显得 smell闻起来 taste尝起来sound听起来 feel感觉 sit坐 stand站 lie躺 keep保持 stay保持表变化的常见系动词有:become变得 get变得 grow长的turn变得 go变得 come成为fall变为 prove证明 如:The flower is beautiful. 那珠花很美
7、。The music sounds great.那音乐听起来棒极了。The whole class keeps quiet when their teacher is teaching.老师讲课时,整个班的学生都保持安静。The clouds in the sky stay still.空中的云朵一动不动。The rain is getting heavier and heavier.雨越下越大。Meat goes bad when it stays a long time in hot environment.肉在炎热的环境保存太长时间会变质。三、助动词助动词就是协助主要动词构成谓语的词。助
8、动词本身没有意义,不可单独作谓语,只能和别的动词一起构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气等,或表示疑问或否定。常用的助动词有:(1)be(is, am, are, was, were, been, being)(2)have(has, had, having)(3)do(does, did)(4)shall/will(should/would)(一)助动词be的用法(1)构成进行时态be+V-ing。English is becoming more and more important.英语现在越来越重要。I have been learning English for more than 10 y
9、ears.我学英语十多年了。(2)构成否定句,be+ not。The girl isnt writing a letter.女孩没有写信。I wasnt getting up when mom came to see me.妈妈来看我时,我没有起床。(3)构成疑问句,将句中的be动词提到主语前面。Is the girl writing a letter?女孩在写信吗?She is a good student, isnt she? (反义疑问句)她是一个好学生,不是吗?(二)助动词do的用法在一般现在时中用do,单数第三人称用does,过去时用did。(1)构成否定句,do+ not,缩写“d
10、ont, didnt, doesnt.”He doesntdidnt know her name.他不知道她叫什么名字。(2)构成疑问句,将助动词提到主语面前。Do you do morning exercises every day?你每天做早操吗?Do (Did) you like the present?你喜欢那件礼物吗?He doesnt (didnt)finish his homework, does(did) he ?(反义疑问句)他没有完成作业,是吗?(3)用于强调Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。He said he would
11、help me and he did help me.他说他要帮助我,他确实帮了我。(4)代替前面出现的动词以避免重复。You like popular music, dont you?你喜欢流行音乐,不是吗?Yes, I do.是的,我喜欢。(三)助动词have的用法。(1)助动词have构成完成时态。My father has gone the farm work.我父亲已经做了农场的工作。(现在完成时)I have been studying English for ten years.我一直在学习英语,已达十年之久。(现在完成进行时)He had been to England bef
12、ore he was five years old.他五岁前就已经去过英国。(过去完成时)(2)助动词havehas had+ not构成否定句。He hasnt heard from his parents since he left home.他自离家后就未收到过父母的来信。I havent read these books before the examination.考前我还未读过这本书。(3)构成疑问句Have you ever been to America?你去过美国吗?He has ever been to England, isnt he? (反义疑问句)他去过英国,不是吗?
13、(四)助动词shall,should, will, would的用法。(1)shall, will 构成将来时。We shallwill get there on time.我们会准时到。He said they would get there on time.他说他们会准时到那儿。He told us where we shouldwould have the basketball match.他告诉我们将在什么地方举行篮球比赛。(2)构成疑问句Shall we get there on time?我们准时到吗?Dont go now, will you?现在别走,好吗?Will you s
14、tudy harder at English?你会更加努力的学习英语吗?四、情态动词情态动词和助动词一样,也是“辅助性”动词,在句中不能独立作谓语。情态动词和助动词的基本区别:助动词本身没有词义,有数和人称的变化,大多数助动词有与之相对应的时态的变化形式,但shall,will只有两形式should和would。而情态动词本身有词义但并不表示动作或状态,而仅仅本身说话人对有关行为或事物的态度或看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词后面跟的动词需要用原形,否定式的构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去时两种形式,过去时用来表达更加客气、委婉的语
15、气,时态性不强,可用于过去、现在或将来时。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。常用的情态动词主要有:can(could),may(might),must,need,dare(dared),ought to,should。(一)will和would作为情态动词的用法(1)will的用法will除表示将来时间概念外,还常有以下情态动词的用法:可以表示主观意志、意愿,可用于各种人称。She will do anything to help him.她愿意做任何事去帮他。Do what you will.你愿意干什么就干什么。I wont go with you.我不愿和你去。可以表示经常性、习惯性
16、、倾向性等,意为“经常;惯于;总是”。Mary will work for hours at a time.玛丽常常一连工作好几个小时。People will help you whenever you need.每当你需要时人们就会帮你。表示命令(说话者确信命令一定会的到执行)或允诺。Youll report to me afterwards.你随后必须向我报告。(命令)They will get enough money from me.他们会从我这里得到足够的钱,(允诺)表示推测、估计、可译为“可能、想必、大概”That will be Susan ringing now.可能是苏姗来的
17、电话。It will be snowing now in Beijing.现在北京大概正在下雪。(2)would的用法作为will的过去时态,用于过去时中,表示主观意愿和意志,意为“愿意;执意”。She said she would take care of the child.她说她愿意照顾那孩子。用于第二人称,表示谦恭的请求或征求意见,比will更为客气。Would you tell me thy way to the airport?你能告诉我去机场的路吧?Would you mind my sitting here?我坐在这里你不反对吧?表示推测,意为“大概、也许”,可指现在或过去。注
18、意,will表示推测时,指的是现在或将来。This would be the book you are looking for.这也许就是你在找的那本书。(可用will)That would be in spring of 1995.那大概是在1995年的春天。(不可用will)表示过去的习惯,后接动词原形,意为“总是;总会”He would read all night.过去他整夜的读书。When I was a child, I would go swimming with other children in summer.小时候,我在夏天总会同别的孩子一块去游泳。祈使句的附加疑问句可用w
19、ould(比will更有礼貌)Close the window, would you?把窗关上,好吗?would表意愿,用于词组中。would rather 宁愿would like 喜欢;想要would prefer 宁愿;更愿意(二)shall和should的用法(1)shall的用法shall除了作助动词表示将来的意思外,还可以用作情态动词表达其他的含义。shall用于第一人称,表示决定、决心和信念。I shall do what I like.我喜欢干啥就干啥。I shall go there if I want to.我想去那儿的话,我就会去。We shall not fail.我们
20、绝不会失败。We shall not find another like her.我们不会见到想她这样的女人了。shall用于第二、三人称,表示允诺、决定或威胁,在较古老的英语中尤其如此。If she passed the examination, she shall have a holiday.如果她考试及格,她就可以去度假了。shall也可以表示“征求对方的意见”。Shall we clean the classroom now?现在我们可以打扫教室吗?shall的这种用法和may相似,但不尽相同。Shall I play soccer after supper?晚饭后我要不要踢足球?(
21、征求意见)May I play soccer after supper?晚饭后我可不可以踢足球?(请求许可)(2)should的用法should作为组动词shall的过去式,可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配,表示过去将来时间。The group leader announced that we should (=would) begin to work soon.小组长宣布:我们不久久开始工作。A week ago, I told him that I should (=would) go to Beijing the next day.一个星期以前,我告诉他我第二天就去北京。should作
22、为情态动词,通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务,译为“应该;应当”,这时它可以和ought to, be supposed to 互换使用。You should (=ought to) tell your mother about it at once.你应该立即把此事告诉你妈妈。In sum, theory should be combined with practice.总之,理论应该与实践相结合。should作为情态动词,可以用在条件状语从句中,表示语气较强的假设,译作“万一,竟然”,这时也可将should置于从句之首,而省略从属连词if。如:If anyone should come,
23、 say I am not at home. (=Should anyone come, say I am not at home.)万一有人来访,就说我不在家。If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldnt go. (=Should it rain tomorrow, I wouldnt go.)万一明天天下雨,我就不去了。should作为情态动词,也可以表示谦逊、客气、委婉之意,意为“可,倒”。I should say that it would be better to try it again.我倒是认为最好试一下。Should you like some
24、tea?你可喜欢喝茶?should作为情态动词,也可以用来表示意外,惊喜,或者说话人看来是不可思议的。尤其在一why,who,how等开头的修饰疑问句或某些感叹句中常常意为“竟会,居然”How should I know it?我怎么会知道这件事呢?Why should you be so late today?你今天怎么来的这么晚呢?should作为情态动词,可以用来表示有较大可能实现的猜测、推论,通常译为“可能,总该把”,相当于be expected to.They should be home by now, I think.我想现在他们总该到家了吧。The report was wri
25、tten after a careful investigation, so it should be reliable.这份报告是经过周密调查后才写成的,所以应该是可靠的。should作为情态动词,用在由so that,for fear that,lest引导的目的状语从句和in case(that)引导的条件状语从句中,有“能够”、“可能”、“会”之意。He is working hard for fear that he should fall behind others.他努力工作,唯恐落在别人的后面。He took an umbrella in case (that) it shou
26、ld rain.他带了一把雨伞,以防天下雨。should表示虚拟语气。The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for another week.医生嘱咐她在卧床休息一个星期。It has been decided that the meeting (should) be postponed till next Saturday.已经决定会议推迟到下周六举行。“should have + -ed”分词表示应该做到而实际没有做到的。These cells should have been kept in some dry places.这些
27、电池本来应该放(保存)在干燥的地方。You shouldnt have kept those cells in the damp place.你本来不该把那些电池放在潮湿的地方。(三)can和could的用法(1)表示能力,可以是体力或脑力方面的能力,也可以是根据客观条件能做某种动作的能力,相当于“be able to”He can speak English.他会说英语。The dog could always find his way home.狗总是能找到回家的路。(2)表示允许,和may的意思相近,口语中多用could。You can say that again.你可以再说一遍。Th
28、ey asked whether they could smoke in the hall.他们问能否在大厅里抽烟。Can I come in?我能进来吗?Could I come here again tomorrow?我明天还能来这儿吗?(3)表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信、失望等态度,can主要用于否定句、疑问句,而could无此限制。What can he mean?他是什么意思?This cant be done by him.这不可能是他做的。He couldnt be over forty.他不可能有40多岁。How can you be so careless!你怎么这么粗心!(4)对
29、已经发生得事表示推测时,其后跟have+ 过去分词。couldnt的可能性较 cant 小。You couldnt have finished so much work in such a short time.你不可能在这么短时间内完成那么多工作。(5)could可用于虚拟语气,而can不可以。could have done表示过去有能力做到,但没有做。He could have been to England if he wasnt ill.如果他不是病了,就已经到英国了。(四)may和might的用法(1)表示可能性。might可表示过去的可能性,也可表示现在或将来的可能性,不过migh
30、t的可能性比may要小一些。He said that he might not be free that afternoon.他说他那天下午可能没空。He might be doing his lessons now.他也许正在做功课。He may be ill today.他今天或许是生病了。(2)may表示许可,意为“可以”。在疑问句中用might比用may语气更加委婉客气。Might I use your pen?我用一下你的钢笔行吗?You may use it during the holiday.你可以在假期里用它。(3)“may+主语+动词原形”表示祝愿。May all your
31、 dreams come true.愿你梦想成真。May you succeed!祝你成功!(4)may, might的特殊用法。may不用在疑问句句首表可能性,此时应使用can。Can the story be true?这故事会是真的吗?may和might后跟“have+过去分词”表示对过去所发生事情的推测。He may/might have said so.might have done可表示过去可能会发生而实际上并未发生的事情。You might have killed yourself.他当时可能会丧命的。You might have been more careful.你本可以更小
32、心的。(五)must, need和have to的用法(1)must的用法表示“必须”,多强调说话人的主观看法(表示客观需要时,常使用have to)Soldiers must obey orders.军人必须服从命令。We must get on well with our friends.我们必须与朋友相处好。must的否定形式must not/mustnt意为“不许;禁止”,表示绝对禁止。若表示“没必要;不必”之意时,应使用neednt或dont have to。You must not take the books out of the reading room.不准把书带出阅览室。C
33、ars mustnt be packed there.此处禁止停车。You neednt go there at once.你没必要马上去那儿。You dont have to go now.你不必要现在就走。Must we send in our plan this week? Yes, you must. 必须这个星期交。No, you neednt/dont have to.不必。must用来表示推测,意为“准是;肯定是”,一般用于肯定句,其肯定程度比may,might(或许;大概)大很多。a)对现在的推测:must+动词原形He must be in, for the door is
34、open.他肯定在房间里,因为门开着。b)对现在正在发生或将来正发生的事情的推测:must + be +现在分词According to the weather forecast, it must be snowing tomorrow.根据天气预报,明天将要下雨。They must be looking for the girl.他们一定正在找那个女孩。c)对过去的推测:must + have+过去分词Look at his new car, He must have earned a lot of money.看他的新车。他肯定赚了许多钱。It must have rained last
35、night.昨晚肯定下雨了。must, can和may表示推测时的区别:must表推测时仅用于肯定句,意为“准是;肯定是”,语气较强。can表推测时否定句和疑问句,不用于肯定句,语气较强。may表推测时用于肯定句和否定句,不用于疑问句,意为“也许;大概”,说话者把握不大,语气较弱。(2)need的用法“need”既可以作情态动词,也可以作实义动词,但是它们的用法不同。作为情态动词的“need”的用法与其他情态动词“can”,“may”“must”的用法基本相同:在限定动词词组中总是位居第一,没有非限定形式,即没有不定式、-ing分词或-ed分词的呢过形式;第三人称单数现在时没有词形变化;情态动
36、词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能有一个情态动词。“need”作为情态动词的用法:a)need表示“需要”或“必须”,通常用于否定句和疑问句。如:You neednt do it again.你不需要再做了。He neednt worry about it.这件事他无需担心。b)在否定句中,可以用need的否定行式+不定式完成体。如:You neednt have mentioned it.你本来不必提起这件事。You neednt have said that when he asked.当他问的时候,你其实不必要说。neednt后的不定式间或也能用进行式或被动语态。如:He n
37、eednt be standing in the rain.他不必要站在雨中。We neednt be waiting in this place.我们不必要在这儿等。“need”作为实义动词时,通常用法是:人+ need + to do 物+ need + doing物+ need + to be done另外,“need”后还可以直接跟名词,请看下面例子:My car needs repairing.我的汽车需要修理。The flowers need watering.这些花需要浇水。(3)have to的用法have to通常指由于客观原因而不得不做某事,意思是“不得不”。如:Its d
38、ark now. I have to go home.天黑了,我不得不回家。Its raining, and I have to stay at home.外面在下雨,我不得不呆在家里。have to与一般情态动词的异同:相同点:一般的情态动词不能单独做谓语,后面必须接动词原形一起构成谓语,have to也是这样。不同点:一般的情态动词没有人称和数的变化,而且,所用的时态也受到一定的限制。而have to 有人称和数的变化,可用于多种时态中,一般现在时,当主语的是第三人称单数时要用has to,其余的人称用have to,一般过去时要用had to,一般将来时则要用will have to.。
39、She has to go to school by bus.她不得不乘公共汽车上学。Youll have to see the doctor if you get ill.如果你生病了,就得看医生。a)一般的情态动词直接在后面加not构成否定句,把这些情态动词提到句首就构成一般疑问句。b)而have to 的否定句和疑问句的构成往往要借助于助动词do的适当形式后助动词will,即:have to,has to,had to和will have to的否定式分别为:dont have to, doesnt have to, didnt have to和 wont have to,疑问句式在句首
40、加长助动词do的相应形式,句中还原成have to或把will放到句首,这里have to 简直就是一个十足十的行为动词。如:What does she have to do?她必须做什么?You didnt have to wait for me yesterday.昨天你没必要等我。(六)ought to 的用法及should的区别(1)ought to用法也可以表示推测、可能性。用法同should。(=must也表示推测。但肯定是语气较强。)Henry ought to be home now- its dark now.亨利现在大概在家里-天都黑了。He went by bus. He
41、 ought to have arrived by now.他乘公共汽车,现在大概已经到了。在省略回答中,ought to中的to 可以省略。Ought I to go?我应该去吗?Yes, I think you ought (to).是的,我想你一个去。在附加疑问句中,ought(nt)to 中to 要去掉。在美国英语中常用shouldnt 代替oughtnt。We ought to go now, oughtnt / shouldnt we?我们现在该走了,是吧?ought to 后跟动词完成时(have done )可表示“本应该作而实际没有做”(同should have done )
42、,有时含有责备、批评之意。You ought to have arrived earlier. The meeting has been on for ten minutes.你本应早点到的,会议已经进行10分钟了。(2)ought to 与should 的区别ought to同should一样意为“应该,应当”,表示责任、义务、劝告、可能性等,语气上比should强。ought to 没有人称、数和时态的变化,后跟动词原形。其否定形式为ought not to 或oughtnt to.You ought to take care of your parents.你应该照顾你的父母。(=You
43、 should )One oughtnt to be punished for what one hasnt done.人不能因为其没做的事而受处罚。(=One shouldnt)(七)used to 的用法(1)表示过去习惯的动作或状态,这种情况现在已不复存在。He used to get up early in the morning.他过去一大早就起床了。She is not what she used to be.她已不是过去的她。Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front gate and bark.我们的狗,雷克斯,过去常蹲在大门外吠叫。
44、There used to be low and dirty houses.那里曾是些矮而肮脏的房舍。(2)used to有两种否定形式: didnt use to 和usednt to, 其一般疑问句也有两种形式。She usednt to be so friendly.She didnt used to be so friendly.她过去不是那么友好。Usednt she to be so friendly?Didnt she used to be so friendly?她过去不是那么友好吗?(八)dare的用法dare既可用作实义动词,又可用作情态动词。用作实义动词时,后跟带to 的
45、不定式,有动词的变化形式。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,后跟不带to 的不定式。情态动词dare的基本用法如下:(1)dare表示“敢于”,用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。如:He dare not go through the woods.他不敢穿过这片小树林。Dare you swim across?你敢游过去吗?He asked me if I dare go there alone.他问我是否敢一个人去那里。(2)dare可用于完成时态。I darent have done it yesterday, but I think I dare now.我昨天不敢做这事,但我想现在我敢了。五、动词的基本形式在英语中,动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形、第三人称单数现在式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。规则动词的五种变化形式如下表所示(一动词get, like, stop, play 为例):原形第三人称单数现在时过去时过去分词现在分词getgetsgotgot/gottengettinglikelikeslikedlikedlikingstopstopsstoppedstoppedstoppi
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