2022年中小学英语语法总结 .docx

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1、精品_精品资料_1. 词汇英语主干可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2. 时态主动语态 +被动语态 动作一般进行完成完成进行时间可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_现在一般现在时sb. do/does sth. be done过去一般过去时sb. did sth.was/weredone将来一般将来时sb.will do sth.willbe done现在进行时be doingbe being done过去进行时was/were doing was/were beingdone将来进行时will be doing will be being done现在完成时have

2、/has done have/has been done过去完成时had donehad been done将来完成时 will have done will have been done现在完成进行时have/has been doing可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_过去将来3. 从句一般过去将来sb.would do sth. would be done过去将来进行时would be doing would be being done过去将来完成时would have done would have been done可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1)

3、主语从句2 宾语从句3 表语从句4 定语从句5 状语从句6 同位语从句4. 其他句型：包括强调句、倒装句、 not.unitl 句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规章等.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_主语从句I. 主语从句 : 主语是个句子,或者说从句在句中充当主语.1. 当主语是陈述句时,连接词是that即：that 不省略 +该陈述句Eg.1. That we will be late is certain.We will be late.2. That he did not come yesterday is a pity.He did not come yesterday.留意

4、 主语从句的 that 肯定不能省略,而宾语从句中的that 可以省略.Eg. 1. That we will be late is certain. 主语从句, that 不能省略 2. I hope that we will win the game. 宾语从句, that 可以省略 2. 当主语是一般疑问句时,连接词是whetheror not即： whetheror not+该一般疑问句的陈述语序留意 “ if 不”能引导主语从句,这要与宾语从句进行区分.Eg.1. Whether he will go there is not known.Will he go there. 2. W

5、hether they can finish the job or not is not clear.Can they finish the job.3. 当主语是特别疑问句时,连接词是特别疑问词“ 8W+H”即：特别疑问词 “8W+H” +该特别疑问句的陈述语序（注： 8W 指的是 what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H指的是 how）Eg.1. What he did yesterday is not known.What did he do yesterday. 2. Where he went yesterday is not clear

6、.Where did he go yesterday. 3. Which team he liked has not been decided. Which team did he like. 4. Who won the game seems certain. Who won the game.5. Whom he met yesterday is not clear.Whom did he meet yesterday. 6. Why he was late for the meeting is to be found out.Why was he late for the meeting

7、.7. Whose book this is is not clear.Whose book is this. 8. When he will arrive is not known.When will he arrive.9. How we will help the lost boywill be discussed at the meeting.How will we help the lost boy.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_II. 留意一 主语从句后置 .为了防止主语冗长,句子头重脚轻 ,常常用 it 作形式主语 ,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.Eg. 1.

8、That we will be late is certain.- It s certain thwaet will be late.2. Whether he will go there is not known.- It is not known whether he will go there.3. Where he went yesterday is not clear.- It is not clear where he went yesterday. It 作形式主语常用句型：that引导的主语从句是真正的主语It is possible/important/necessary/c

9、lear that. It s said/ reported tha据t. 说 /据报道 It s been announced/declared that.已. 经通知 /宣布 It seems/appears/happens that明显、明显、碰巧 .It s no wonder that并不奇怪 / 无疑（留意二）主语从句中,谓语动词一般用单数. What 引导的主语从句,谓语动词依据表语打算What he needs _is_ that book. What he needs _are_ some books.（留意三） What与 that 引导主语从句的区分Eg. 1 What

10、you said yesterday is right. What did you say yesterday.2 That she is still alive is a puzzle.She is still alive.练习题1. he made an important speech at the meeting was true.A. ThatB. WhyC. WhatD. How2. we ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A IfB WhetherC ThatD Where 3.is known to us all is

11、that America is a developed country.A. WhichB. AsC. WhatD. It4. It s known to us alla form of energy .A. water isB. that water isC. is waterD. that water to可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_宾语从句I. 宾语从句 : 宾语是个句子,或者说从句在句中充当宾语.1. 当宾语是陈述句时,连接词是that即：that 可省略 +该陈述句Eg.1. I hope that he will come tomorrow.He will co

12、me tomorrow. 2. He guesses that this team will win.This team will win.留意 主语从句的 that 肯定不能省略,而宾语从句中的that 可以省略.Eg. 1. That we will be late is certain. 主语从句, that 不能省略 2. I believe that we will win the game. 宾语从句, that 可以省略 2. 当宾语是一般疑问句时,连接词是whetheror not/if即： whetheror not/if + 该一般疑问句的陈述语序Eg.1. I ask w

13、hether/if Tom knows Jack.Does Tom know Jack.2. I don t know whether/if he came back yesterday. Did he come back yesterday.3. 当宾语是特别疑问句时,连接词是特别疑问词“ 8W+H”即：特别疑问词 “8W+H” +该特别疑问句的陈述语序（注： 8W-what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H-how）Eg.1. I don t know what he did yesterday.What did he do yesterday.

14、 2. He wants to know where he went yesterday. Where did he go yesterday. 3. He didn t tell me which team he liked.Which team did he like. 4. We want to know who won the game at last.Who won the game.5. His mom asked whom he met yesterday. Whom did he meet yesterday. 6. He didn t find out why he was

15、late for the meeting.Why was he late for the meeting.7. I am not sure whose book this is.Whose book is this. 8. They ask me when he will arrive.When will he arrive.9 We have discussed how we will help the lost boy.How will we help the lost boy.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_II. 留意一 当主句的谓语动词是command/demand/

16、insist/order/require/suggest 等表示要求或建议的动词时,从句谓语动词用（should） +动词原词, should 可以省略.eg （ 1） She required that he should go back home right now.She required that he go back home right now.（ 2） I suggested that he should ask his teacher for help.I suggested that he ask his teacher for help.（留意二）当主句中 believe/

17、expect/suppose/think 等作谓语动词时,否定要前移.Eg. I dont think that he will come tomorrow. He wont come tomorrow. He doesnt believe that it is true.It is not true.（留意三）宾语从句的语序宾语从句从句的语序必需是陈述语序,即连接词+主语 +谓语 +其他成分eg. I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what th

18、ey can do for us.（留意四）宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,即：主句是一般现在时态,从句依据实际情形而定.主句是一般过去时态,从句用相应的过去的时态.假如从句的动作发生在主句之前,就从句要用过去完成时态.eg. 1She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student.2) She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.（留意五）由 whether 或特别疑问

19、词 8W+H引导的宾语从句也就是其次、第三种情形时,假如宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象,可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简洁句结构.eg.I don t know whaIt should do next.I don t knowwhat to do next.He didn t know wherhee would live.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_He didn t knowwhere to live.He wasnt clear which way he should go to reach the bank.=He wasn t clear which w

20、ay to go to reach the bank.（留意七）含有宾语补足语时,如宾语是个句子,宾语通常用形式宾语it 代替,真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后.Eg. 1 We think it wonderful that we will go on a trip this weekend. 宾语是陈述句 2 I think it uncertain whether we will win the game.（宾语是一般疑问句）3) We hope it discussed how we will solve the problem. 宾语是特别疑问句 练习题1. Do you knowthe

21、 Capital Museum.Next Friday.A. when will they visitB. when they will visitC. when did they visitD. when they visited2. Can you tell me .She is in the computer lab.A. where Linda was B. where is LindaC. where was Linda D. where Linda is 3 .3.GuessI did yesterday ； I think you went to a party.A. where

22、 B. when C. what D. which4. Could you let me knowyesterday. Because the traffic was heavy.A. why did you come late B. why you came lateC. why do you come late D. why you come late5. Do you knowthe MP3 player last week. Sorry, I have no idea.A. how much did she pay forB. how much will she pay forC. h

23、ow much she paid for可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_同位语从句同位语从句通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或说明该名词表示的详细内容.可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有： advice, fact, truth, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word （消息 , agreement一样 , problem , question, doubt, thought 等.The news that Mr

24、. Li will be our new English teacher is true.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开.如：The news is true that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher.1.（一） . 当同位语从句是陈述句时,连接词是that即： that 不省略 +该陈述句Eg.1 The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He admitted the fact that he had stolen the wall

25、et.留意 that 引导同位语从句时只是中心词和同位语从句之间的桥梁而已,无任何意义,也不充当任何成分,但 that 不行以省略（二） . 当同位语从句是一般疑问句时,连接词是whetheror not即： whetheror not+该一般疑问句的陈述语序留意 此处不能用 if.1. He hasn t made thdeecision whether he will go there. decision 的内容是 Will he go there.2. They have not come to an agreement whether he should take part in th

26、is game.agreement 的内容是 Should he take part in this game.（三） . 当同位语从句是特别疑问句时,连接词是特别疑问词“8W+H”即：特别疑问词 “8W+H” +该特别疑问句的陈述语序（注： 8W 指的是 what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when, H指的是 how）1. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.2. We haven t yet settled thqeuestion where we are going to

27、 spend our summer vacation this year. 3. We have not come to a conclusion which team is the best.4. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_5. The doubt whom he talked with yesterday is important to the case 案件 . 6. The doubt why he did not come

28、yesterday is important to the case 案件 . 7. The problem whose money this is has not been solved.8. I have no suggestionwhen he will be back 9. The thought came to me how I can solve this problem.2. that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区分1) 意义不同：that 引导的同位语从句是用来进一步说明前面名词的内容,是说明中心词 .而 that 引导的定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词,是修饰中心词（先行

29、词） .Eg. The news that our team has won the final match is true. The news that he told us is true.分析 中 that引导同位语从句,说明说明“news”的内容：我们队取得了决赛成功.中 that引导定语从句,对“ news”加以限定：是他告知我们的,而非来自其他渠道,起修饰作用.2) that功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,只是中心词和同位语从句之间的连接词,不充当任何成分.而 that引导定语从句时,是关系代词,不仅起连接作用,而且仍指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分.Eg.

30、 Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test. . Dad made a promise that excited all his children.分析 中 that 引导 同位语从句,其中that 无词义,也不充当任何成分. . 中 that引导定语从句, that指代 promise ,又在从句中充当主语, 且 that可以用 which替换.3) that可否省略：that 引导同位语从句时,不行省略.在引导定语从句时,如在从句中作宾语,可以省略,如作主语就不行以省略.

31、可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Eg. The news that our team has won the final match is true. The news that he told us is true. The news that is from this newspaper is true. 分析 中 that 引导 同位语从句,不能省略. . 中 that引导定语从句, that指代 news,在从句中充当宾语, that可以用 which 替换,也可以省略.中 that 也是引导定语从句, that 指代 news, 在从句中充当主语, that 可以用

32、which替换,但 that 不能省略.3. 有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开.定语从句有时也可以不紧跟在被修饰的先行词后面,而被别的词隔开.Eg. The news is true that a new teacher will come tomorrow to teach us English. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us English.（定语从句 who will teach you English修饰 a new teacher, 被 will come tomorrow隔开,定语

33、从句与先行词分别）练习题1. They expressed the hopethey would come over to China soon.2) The facthe didn t see Tom this morning is true.3) Word has comesome American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4. He can t answer the questionhe got the money from his home yesterday. 5. Do you have any i

34、deais actually going on in the classroom.6. The problemwe should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.2. The suggestionthe monitor gave is good.The suggestionwe will have a trip on the Great Wall this week is good.A. thatB. C. whichD. where可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_定语从句定语从句： 定语是个句子

35、 ,也就是一个句子作定语从属于主句. 定语一般是由形容词充当, 所以定语从句又称作形容词从句.另外,定语从句是由 关系代词或关系副词 引导的,故又称作 关系从句. 关系代词和关系副词又统称为 引导词 .区分：汉语中, 定语只能放在名词前面, 而英语中, 定语既可以放在名词前 （形容词修饰名词） , 也可以放在名词后面（定语从句修饰名词） .被修饰的中心词叫作先行词.Eg.（1） He is a clever boy. He is a boy who is clever.a boy 是中心词或者先行词,who is clever是修饰 a boy 的定语从句, who是关系代词,替代先行词 a

36、boy拆成两个句子： He is a boy. （主干）This boy is clever.（定语）定语从句一般要紧跟在中心词（先行词）的后面 ,即： He is a boy this boy is clever. 去掉定语从句中与中心词（先行词）重复的部分,即 this boy, 把它替换成指人的关系代词 who, 即 He is aboy who is clever.（ 2）他是一个我们喜爱的男孩.拆成两个句子：他是一个男孩.He is a boy. 主干 我们喜爱这个男孩. We like this boy. 定语 定语从句在中心词（先行词）的后面 ,即：He is a boy we

37、like this boy.去掉定语从句中与中心词（先行词）重复的部分,即 this boy, 把它替换成指人的关系代词 who, 即 He is a boy we likewho. 但是, 定语从句中,关系代词要紧跟中心词（先行词）后面,所以 who要紧跟在 a boy 后面,即： He is a boy who we like.一.关系代词引导的定语从句1.关系代词代替前面的先行词,关系代词 /先行词都在定语从句中充当句子成分, 可以作主语、宾语、定语等.常见的关系代词有： that, which, who, whom, whose .that 既可指 人又可指 物,在定语从句中作主语或宾

38、语 ,作宾语时仍可省略.which 代替 物,在定语从句中作 主语或宾语 ,作宾语时仍可省略可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_who 代替 人,在定语从句中作 主语或宾语 ,作宾语时仍可省略.whom 代替 人,在定语从句中作宾语,仍可省略.whose 既可指 人又可指 物,是全部格,在定语从句作定语.（一） . 先行词是人, 1 在定语从句中充当主语时：that/whoEg. An architect is a person that/who designs buildings.I will never forget the teacher that/who taught us

39、 chemistry in my middle school.2) 在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/who/whom/ 关系代词省略 Eg. Do you know the man that/who/whom/ we met in the school library yesterday.This is the student that/who/whom/ my father taught ten years ago.3) 在定语从句中充当定语全部格 时： whose/ of whomEg.The girl whose father is an engineer studies abroad

40、.其父是一位工程师的那个女孩在国外留学.The girl the father of whom is an engineer studies abroad. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.A child the parents of whom are dead is called an orphan.（二） . 先行词是物, 1 在定语从句中充当主语时：that/whichEg. Tom works in a factory that/which makes watches.I do not like stories th

41、at/which have unhappy endings.2) 在定语从句中充当宾语时：that/which/ 关系代词省略 Eg. This is the book that/which/ you want to buy.The letter that/which/ I received yesterday is very important.3) 在定语从句中充当定语全部格 时： whose /whichs /of whichEg . Do you know the hotel whose window we can see here. = Do you know the hotel w

42、hichs window we can see here.=Do you know the hotel the window of which we can see here.（关系代词 whose 指代先行词 hotel, 也可以用 of which, whose window=the window of which,意思是: the window of the hotel .）He can repair the desk whose leg is broken. = He can repair the desk which s leg is broken.=He can repair th

43、e desk the leg of which is broken.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_（三） . 先行词既有人,又有物,1) 在定语从句中充当主语时：thatEg. The time, place and persons that are mentioned in the story are very important.He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.他正望着塞满车的孩子和包裹.2) 在定语从句中充当宾语时：that / 关系代词省略 Eg. The time, place

44、 and persons that/ the writer mentioned in the story are very important.（注意）1. 当介词与关系代词紧密相连时,即介词后面的关系代词用whom（指人时） 或者 which 指物时 ,而不用 who（指人时）和 that（指人或物时） .例如：(1) The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师.留意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用who ,也可用that,仍可以省略关系代词.因此,上面的这句话仍可以有如下四种说法： The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our