新视野第三版大学英语第二册(13页).doc

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1、-新视野第三版大学英语第二册-第 13 页Translation 翻译讲解部分 074158提供的答案 unit1翻译讲解 Part 1 Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world. The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. In this long evolutiona

2、ry process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form. Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers, personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an exp

3、ression that “seeing the calligraphers handwriting is like seeing the person”. As one of the treasures of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the worlds treasure house of culture and art.Unit2翻译讲解Part 1 A MOOC (massive open online course) is an online course aimed at unlimited

4、participation and open access via the web.慕课是一种网络课程，它旨在通过网络实现广泛参与和开放接入。MOOCs are a recent development in distance education and have now becomea surging trend in higher education.慕课是远程教育迈出的最新一步，现已在高等教育领域迅速引领潮流。These classes are aimed at expanding a universitys reach from thousands of tuition-paying

5、students who live in town, to millions of students around the world.通过这些课程，大学可以扩大影响的范围，从影响成千上万住在城里付学费的学生，扩展到惠及全球上百万的学生。In addition to traditional course materials, MOOCs provide interactive user forums to support interactions between students and professors.除了拥有传统的课程资料，慕课还给使用者提供互动论坛，支持学生和讲师之间的交流。MOO

6、Cs can encourage communication among participants who bring a variety of viewpoints, knowledge, and skills to the course; inspire people to try on subjects that they wouldnt otherwise pursue or even try oneducation itself; provide multiple ways to engage with course material, encouraging multimodal

7、(多模式的) learning that can address the needs of learners with a variety of learning styles; and inspire better teaching and use of technologies for face-to-facecourses.慕课能够促进参与者之间的交流，使得多种观点、知识和技能涌现到课堂上来；它鼓励人们尝试之前不可能尝试的课程，甚至是尝试新的教育方式；它提供多种学习课程资料的方式，鼓励多模式学习，以各种学习风格满足学习者的需求；另外，慕课促进教学的改善，使技术在面对面授课中得以更好地应用

8、。【背景知识】慕课(MOOC)，是新近涌现出来的一种在线课程开发模式，以连通主义理论和网 络化学习的开放教育学为基础。课程的范围不仅覆盖了广泛的科技学科，比如数学、统计、计算机科学、自然科学和工程学，也包括了社会科学和人文学科。“M”代表 Massive，即大规模，与传统课程只有几十个或几百个学生不同，一 门 MOOCs 课程最多达 16 万人。“O”，代表 Open，即开放，以兴趣为导向。凡是想学习都可以进入，不分国 籍，只需一个邮箱，就可注册参与。“O”代表 Online(在线)，学习在网上完成，无需旅行，不受时空限制。“C”代表 Course，即课程。Part 2 近年来，随着互联网技术

9、的发展，我国的数字化教育资源建设取得了巨大的成就。In recent years, with the development of Internet technology, the construction of digital education resources of our country has made great achievements.很多高校建立了自己的数字化学习平台，数字化教学在教育中发挥着越来越大的作用。Many universities have set up their own digital learning platforms, and digital teac

10、hing is playing an increasingly important role in education.和传统教学方式相比，数字化教学方式有很大的优势。Compared with the traditional way of teaching, the digital way has a lot of advantages.一方面，数字化教学使教学资源得以全球共享；另一方面，它拓展了学习者的学习时间和空间，人们可以随时随地通过互联网进入数字化的虚拟学校学习。这使得人类从接受一次性教育走向终身学习成为可能。On one hand, digital teaching makes g

11、lobal sharing of teaching resources possible; on the other hand, it expands the learners study time and space to learn, allowing people to get access to the digital virtual schools through the Internet anytime and anywhere. These advantages make it possible for people to shift from one-time learning

12、 to lifelong learning.【背景知识】数字化教学是指教师和学习者在数字化的教学环境中 ,遵循现代教育理论和规律 ，运用数字化的教学资源，以数字化教学模式进行培养适应新世纪需要的具有创新意识和创新能力的复合型人才的教学活动。数字化校园是以数字化信息和网络为基础，在计算机和网络技术上建立起来的对教学、科研、管理、技术服务、生活服务等校园信息的收集、处理、整合、存储、传输和应用，使数字资源得到充分优化利用的一种虚拟教育环境。通过实现从环境（包括设备，教室等）、资源（如图书、讲义、课件等）到应用（包括教、学、管理、服务、办公等）的全部数字化，在传统校园基础上构建一个数字空间，以拓展现

13、实校园的时间和空间维度，提升传统校园的运行效率，扩展传统校园的业务功能，最终实现教育过程的全面信息化，从而达到提高管理水平和效率的目的。Unit 3 翻译讲解Part 1 As an important part of the American culture value system, individualism is admired by most American people.作为美国文化价值体系的一个重要组成部分，个人主义受到大多数美国人的推崇。Americans view the family as a group whose primary purpose is to advan

14、ce the happiness of individual members.美国人认为家庭作为一个群体，其主要目的是促进家庭各成员的幸福。In contrast to many other cultures, the primary responsibility of the American family member is not to advance the family as a group, either socially or economically.与许多其他文化相比，美国家庭成员的主要职责，不是在社会上或经济上提高整个家庭的地位。What would be best for

15、 the family is not usually considered to be as important as what would be best for theindividual.人们通常认为，什么是对个人最好的要比什么是对家庭最好的更为重要。With freedom comes the responsibility to care for oneself, for it is the freedom of choice that carries with it the responsibility: to accept the consequences of the choic

16、es.与自由相伴而来的是照顾自己的责任，因为所选择的自由承载了责任，即必须接受自己的选择所带来的后果。Many Americans give their children a lot of freedom because they want them to be independent and self-reliant.许多美国人给他们的孩子很多的自由，因为他们希望孩子们能够独立和自力更生。Along with the American emphasis on individual freedom, the belief in equality between parents and chil

17、dren also has had a strong effect on the family.在美国人强调个人自由的同时，父母与孩子间平等的信念也对美国家庭产生了巨大的影响。【背景知识】“个人主义”在西方文化特别是在美国文化中起着举足轻重的作用。 “个人主义”这个术语来自欧洲人对法国大革命及其所谓根源启蒙运动思想的普遍反应。首先系统地使用“个人主义”这个术语的是 19 世纪 20 年代中期圣西门的追随者，并在 19 世纪得到了非常广泛的使用，发展成为一种个人主义思想体系及其理论。作为典型的西方资本主义政治和社会哲学，个人主义认为个人价值至高无上，强调自我支配和自我控制，反对权威、宗教、国家、

18、社会及其他任何干涉和阻挠个人发展的外在因素。同时，个人主义又是一种价值体系，一种人性理论，甚至成了对某种政治、经济、社会和宗教行为的一种态度和倾向。Part 2 孝道（filial piety）是中国古代社会的基本道德规范（code of ethics）。Filial piety is the basic code of ethics in ancient Chinesesociety.中国人把孝视为人格之本、家庭和睦之本、国家安康之本。Chinese people consider filial piety as the essence of a persons integrity, fam

19、ily harmony,andthe nations well-being.由于孝道是儒家伦理思想的核心，它成了中国社会千百年来维系家庭关系的道德准则。With filial piety being the core of Confucian ethics, it has been the moral standard for the Chinese society to maintain the family relationship for thousands of years.它毫无疑问是中华民族的一种传统美德。Its undoubtedly a traditional Chinese

20、virtue.孝道文化是一个复合概念，内容丰富，涉及面广。The culture of filial piety is a complex concept, rich in content and wide in range.它既有文化理念，又有制度礼仪（institutional etiquette）。It includes not only cultural ideas but also institutional etiquettes.一般来说，它指社会要求子女对父母应尽的义务，包括尊敬、关爱、赡养老人等等。Generally speaking, it refers to the obl

21、igation of children to their parents required by the society, including respect, care, support for the elderly and so forth.孝道是古老的东方文明之根本。Filial piety is fundamental to theancient Oriental civilization.【背景知识】孝道文化作为历史上形成的思想文化，经历了孔子、孟子以及后来历代儒家特别是统治阶级文人的诠释修改，成为一个极为复杂的思想理论体系。“孝”作为一个伦理观念正式提出是在西周，并历代不断丰富发

22、展其内涵。中国传统孝道文化是一个复合概念，内容丰富，涉及面广。既有文化理念，又有制度礼仪。从敬养上分析，主要包含以下几个方面的内容，可以用十二个字来概括，即：敬亲、奉养、侍疾、立身、谏诤、善终。孝道文化的积极意义极为丰富，可以修身养性、融合家庭、报国敬业和凝聚社会。但也有消极作用：具有愚民性、不平等性、封建性和保守性。Unit 4 翻译讲解Part 1 Valentines Day on February 14 is celebrated in various American and Europeancountries.美洲和欧洲各国都会庆祝 2 月 14 日的情人节。It is a hol

23、iday of love and romance usually by exchanging valentines or love tokens between lovers.这是一个充满爱情和浪漫的节日，恋人之间通常都会交换情人卡和爱情信物。There are different origins regarding the festival.关于这个节日的起源有着不同的说法。One legend goes that the Romans put a priest named Saint Valentine into prison for refusing to believe in the

24、Roman gods.一个传说是罗马人把一个叫圣瓦伦丁的神父关进了监狱，因为他拒绝相信罗马神。OnFebruary14,Valentinewas puttodeathnotonlybecausehewas Christian, but also because hehad cured the jailers daughter of blindness.2 月 14 日那天，瓦伦丁被处死，不仅因为他是基督徒，而且因为他曾治愈了一位监狱看守双目失明的女儿。The night before he was executed he wrote her a farewell letter signed F

25、rom your Valentine.他在被处死的前一天晚上给她写了一封署名“你的瓦伦丁”的告别信。Later, February 14 became a holiday for people to show affection for their loved ones.后来，2 月 14 日就成了一个人们可以为他们的情人展示感情的节日。Today, people celebrate Valentines Day in different ways, sending greeting cards and flowers, giving chocolate or other gifts, or

26、joining in romantic dinners.现在，人们以不同的方式庆祝情人节，他们发送贺卡、鲜花，赠送巧克力或其他礼品，或共进浪漫的晚餐。The holiday has now becomepopular all over the world.现在这个节日已流行世界各地。In China the festival is also becoming increasingly popular with young people.在中国，这个节日也正越来越受年轻人的欢迎。【背景知识】情人节又叫圣瓦伦丁节或圣华伦泰节，即每年的 2 月 14 日，是西方的传统节日之一。这是一个关于爱、浪漫以

27、及花、巧克力、贺卡的节日 男女在这一天互送礼物用以表达爱意或友好。情人节的晚餐约会通常代表了情侣关系的发展关键。在希腊神话中，玫瑰就是美神的化身。在世界范围内。玫瑰是用来表达爱情的通用语言。玫瑰颇色丰富，不同颜色不同数量都有不同的寓意。情人节的巧克力也是不可或缺的。巧克力自它诞生以来就于情爱有着千丝万缕的联系。巧克力在情人节礼物中与玫瑰花相比是不分伯仲的巧克力在玛雅与阿兹特克文化，被视为具有神秘与催情的特质。Part 2 农历七月初七是中国的七夕节 (Qixi Festival)，是中国传统节日中最具浪漫色彩的一个节日。July 7thon theChinesecalendar is Chin

28、eseQixi Festival, themost romantic of all the traditional Chineseholidays.一些大的商家每年都举办不同的活动，年轻人也送礼物给他们的情人。Every year,somebigbusinessesorganize various activities, andyoung people send gifts to their lovers.因此，七夕节被认为是中国的“情人节”(Valentines Day)。As a result, the Qixi Festival is considered to be Chinese V

29、alentines Day.七夕节来自牛郎与织女（Cowherd andWeaving Maid）的传说。The Qixi Festival is derived from thelegend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid.相传，每年的这个夜晚，天上的织女都会与牛郎相会。The legend holds that on this particular night every year the Weaving Maid in heaven meets with Cowherd.所以，在七夕的夜晚，人们可以看到牛郎织女在银河 （the Milky Way）相会。So, p

30、eople can see Cowherd and Weaving Maid meeting in the Milky Way on the night of Qixi.姑娘们也会在这一天晚上向天上的织女乞求智慧，以获得美满姻缘。On this night, girls would also beg Weaving Maid for some wisdom for a happy marriage.但随着时代的变迁，这些活动正在消失，唯有标志着忠贞爱情的牛郎织女的传说一直流传民间。But, with the changing of times, these activities are dim

31、inishing. All that remains is the legend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid, a sign of faithful love, continuously circulated among the folk.【背景知识】七夕节，又名乞巧节、七巧节或七姐诞，始于汉朝，是流行于中国及汉字文化圈诸国的传统文化节日，相传农历七月七日夜或七月六日夜妇女在庭院向织女星乞求智巧，故称为“乞巧”。其起源于对自然的崇拜及妇女穿针乞巧，后被赋予牛郎织女的传说使其成为极具浪漫色彩的节日之一。“七夕”也来源古代人们对时间的崇拜。“七”与“期”同音，月和日均是

32、“七”，给人以时间感。古代中国人把日、月与水、火、木、金、土五大行星合在一起叫“七曜”。“七”又与“吉”谐音，“七七”又有双吉之意，是个吉利的日子。节日产生了妇女穿针乞巧，祈祷福禄寿活动，礼拜七姐，陈列花果、女红等习俗，并远传日本、朝鲜半岛、越南等汉字文化圈国家。Unit 5 翻译讲解Part1 The Age of Discovery, also called the Age of Exploration, is a historical period of European global exploration that started in the early 15th century

33、and continueduntil the 18th century.大发现年代，也被称为大勘探年代，是欧洲进行全球勘查的一个历史时期，始于 15 世纪初并一直持续到 18 世纪。ItisusuallyregardedasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera, in the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of tr

34、aderoutes and colonies.这一时期通常被认为是中世纪和近代之间的桥梁，当时西方帝国主义刚兴起，欧洲各王国之间正在经济上互相竞争，他们想通过建立贸易路线和殖民地来寻找财富。Among many great explorers during this period, the most outstanding one was Christopher Columbus since hediscovered the New World.在这一时期众多伟大的探险家中，最杰出的是克里斯托弗哥伦布，因为他发现了新大陆。European overseas expansion led to t

35、he rise of colonial empires, with the contact between the Old and New Worlds producing the exchange: a wide transfer of plants, animals, foods, culture, and so forth.欧洲的海外扩张导致了殖民帝国的崛起，旧大陆与新大陆的接触也促成了两边的互相交换：大量的植物、动物、食物、文化等得到迁移。This represented one of the most significant global events concerning ecol

36、ogy, agriculture, and culture in history.这代表了历史上生态、农业和文化在全球范围内最重大的活动之一。European exploration allowed the global mapping of the world, resulting in a new world-view and distant civilizations acknowledging each other.欧洲大勘探让绘制全球性的世界地图成为可能，从而使人们看到一个新的世界与古老的文明正遥相呼应。【背景知识】马可波罗行纪在欧洲流传使欧洲人一直把东方看成是黄金遍地的“人间天堂”

37、，刺激了欧洲人对东方的向往。西欧生产力的发展，知识的进步和科学技术的发展，为远洋航行开辟新航路准备了必要的条件。大发现年代使欧洲涌现出了许多著名的航海家，伴随着新航路的开辟，欧洲快速发展奠定了其超过亚洲繁荣的基础。大发现年代改变了世界形势和历史发展进程。欧洲人开始对北美、亚洲、和非洲政治的控制和渗透，殖民地区的文化和生活方式也逐渐发生很大的变化，同时各大洲之间的相对孤立的局面状态被逐渐打破，东西方之间的文化、贸易交流开始大量增加，殖民主义与自由贸易主义也开始出现。世界日益成为一个相互影响、联系密切的整体。Part2 丝绸之路（SilkRoad）是我国古代一条连接中国和欧亚大陆（Eurasia）

38、的交通 线路，由于这条商路以丝绸贸易为主，故称丝绸之路。The Silk Road is a traffic route in the ancient times connecting China and Eurasia.This traderoute focuses on thetrade of silk, hence the name the Silk Road.作为国际贸易的通道和文化交流的桥梁， 丝绸之路有效地促进了东西方经济文化交流和发展，对世界文明进程有着深远影响。As an international trade channel and a bridge of cultural

39、exchanges, the Silk Road effectively improved the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the East and the West, exerting a profound impact on the progress of the world civilization.当前，在新的历史条件下，我国提出了一带一路（OneBelt,OneRoad）（即 丝绸之路经济带和21 世纪海上丝绸之路）的战略构想。Nowadays, under the new historical

40、circumstances, our country proposes the strategy of One Belt, One Road (namely the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road).一带一路以合作共赢为核心，强调相关各国的互利共赢和共同发展。The strategy of One Belt, One Road focuses on cooperation and mutual benefits, emphasizing mutual benefits, win-win, as we

41、ll as common development of the related countries.这一战略一经提出即受到沿线各国的积极响应。Once proposed, the strategy has received positive responses from the related countries along theroad.【背景知识】“丝绸之路”是起始于古代中国，连接亚洲、非洲和欧洲的古代路上商业贸易路线。狭义的丝绸之路指陆上丝绸之路。广义上分为陆上丝绸之路和海上丝绸之路。“陆上丝绸之路”形成于于公元前 2 世纪与公元 1 世纪间，汉武帝派张骞出使西域形成其基本干道。它以西

42、汉时期长安为起点（东汉时为洛阳），经河西走廊到敦煌。从敦煌起分为南北两路。它的最初作用是运输中国古代出产的丝绸。因此，当德国地理学家最早在 19 世纪 70 年代将之命名为“丝绸之路”后，被广泛接受。海上丝绸之路”形成于秦汉时期，发展于三国至隋朝时期，繁荣于唐宋时期，转变于明清时期，是已知的最为古老的海上航线。Unit 6 翻译讲解Part1 Minimalism (极简主义) is about getting rid of excess stuff and keeping only what you need.极简主义是指去掉多余的，仅保留需要的部分。Minimalist living, i

43、n simplest terms, is to live with as less as possible, mentally and physically until you achieve peace of mind.用最简单的话来说，极简的生活方式，就是生活得越简单越好，直到获得心灵的平静，这种简单既是精神上的，也是身体上的。Results that ensue are less stress, more time, and increased happiness.这样的生活方式会减轻压力，带来更多自由时间，并增强幸福感。Minimalists like to say that they

44、re living more meaningfully, more deliberately, and that the minimalist lifestyle allows them to focus on whats more important in life: friends, hobbies, travel, experiences.极简主义者会说，他们生活得更有意义了，更从容了，极简的生活方式让他们着眼于生活中更重要的事物：朋友、爱好、旅游和体验。Of course, minimalism doesnt mean theres anything inherently wrong

45、with owning material possessions.当然，极简主义并不意味着拥有物质财富从本质上来讲有什么不对。Todays problem seems to be that we tend to give too much meaning to our things, often forsaking (抛弃) our health, our relationships, our passions, our personal growth, and our desire to contribute beyond ourselves.现在的问题似乎在于，我们往往太重视所拥有的东西，

46、而常常抛弃了健康、人与人之间的关系、我们的热情、个人成长，以及帮助他人的愿望。In addition to its application in peoples daily life, minimalism also finds application in many creative disciplines, including art, architecture, design, dance, film making, theater, music, fashion, photography and literature.极简主义除了在我们的日常生活中可以得到应用，还存在于很多创意领域，包

47、括艺术、建筑、设计、舞蹈、电影、戏剧、音乐、时尚、摄影和文学等。【背景知识】极简主义是第二次世界大战之后 60 年代所兴起的一个艺术派系，以简单到极致为追求，是对抽象表现主义的反动而走向极至，以最原初的形式展示于观者面前为表现方式。极简主义并不局限于艺术或设计，它是极简主义者(Minimalist)奉行的一种哲学思想，价值观以及生活方式-“极简主义”生活方式。Part2 国民幸福指数（National Happiness Index，NHI）是衡量人们幸福感的一种指数，也是衡量一个国家或地区经济发展、居民生活与幸福水平的指标工具。National Happiness Index (NHI) is an index that measures how happy people are. It is also a tool that measures the levels of economic development and peoples livelihood and happiness in a country or region.随着中国经济的高速增长，中国政府越来越重视人民群众生活质量和幸福