深圳小学英语语法汇总1(39页).doc
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1、-深圳小学英语语法汇总1-第 39 页There be 句型1. 定义:There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2. 结构: (1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词+ 地点状语. (2) There are +复数名词+地点状语. there是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物,谓语动词be要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。eg. There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。 There is a teacher and many studen
2、ts in our classroom. 我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。 There are two boys and a girl under the tree. 树下有两个男孩,一个女孩。3. There be句型与have的区别: (1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下:There be表示“某处存在某物或某人”;have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”,它表示所有、拥有关系。 eg. He has two sons. 他有两个儿子。 There are two men in the office. 办公室里有两个男人。 (2)当have表示“包括”、“存在”的
3、含义时,There be 句型与其可互换。eg. A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一个星期有七天。 变脸一:否定句 There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样,在be后加上not或no即可。注意not和no的不同:not是副词,no为形容词,not a/an/any + n. 相当于no+ n.。例如: There are some pictures on the wall. There arent any pictures on the wall. =There are no pictures
4、 on the wall. There is a bike behind the tree. There isnt a bike behind the tree. =There is no bike behind the tree. 变脸二:一般疑问句 There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首,再在句尾加上问号即可,此为调整法。但同时要注意:当肯定句中有some时,要将其改为any(否定变化也一样)。看看下面两句是如何改头换面的吧: There is some water on Mars. Is there any water on Mars? There are some
5、fish in the water. Are there any fish in the water? 变脸三:特殊疑问句 There be句型的特殊疑问句形式有以下三种变化: 对主语提问:当主语是人时,用Whos+介词短语?;当主语是物时,用Whats + 介词短语?。注意:无论原句的主语是单数还是复数,对之提问时一般都用be的单数形式(回答时却要根据实际情况来决定)。如: There are many things over there. Whats over there? There is a little girl in the room.Who is in the room? 对地点
6、状语提问:提问地点当然用Where is / are+主语?啦!例如: There is a computer on the desk. Where is the computer? There are four children on the playground. Where are the four children? 对数量提问:一般有两种句型结构: How many+复数名词+are there+介词短语? How much+不可数名词+is there+介词短语?不定冠词(indefinite articles) a/an 的用法不定冠词最基本的用途就是用来表示“一”这概念,如:
7、A stitch in time saves nine. Jason is an internationally known scholar.此外,a/an 还有下列 6 种用途:常和time、measurement等有关的名词连用,以表示“每” 的概念,如: I teach five days a week. This type of vegetables is sold at one dollar a kilo. My car usually runs sixty kilometres an hour.常和 hundred, thousand, dozen 以及数目及数量连用,如: Tha
8、t factory turns out at least a hundred tyres a day. Noels monthly salary is a thousand dollars. I have a number of sponsored students. Mary has a lot of money.在“of / at”后面出现,以表示“同一类”这概念,如: Birds of a feather flock together.11. Please come one at a time.12. Things of a kind come together, so do peopl
9、e of a mind.常在“rather, quite, many, half, what, such”等字后面出现,形成固定用法,如:13. Tom is rather a fool.14. I think Chinese is quite a useful language.15. Many a student has asked that question.16. The visitor left half an hour ago.17. What a fine day it is!18. How can you say such a thing?用在“so, as, too, how
10、 +形容词”这些结构里,如:19. We have not had so hot a day before.20. Susan is as clever a girl as Anna.21. That is too difficult a book for beginners.22. No one knew how serious a problem it was until later.出现在许多惯用语中,如:23. Bob always has a bone to pick with others.24. Some students turned a deaf ear to the tea
11、chers advice.25. All must learn a language with an eye to mastering it.26. I hope you will make an effort to attend the meeting punctually.27. Jason has an aversion to being idle.28. The news of Jacks sudden resignation came as a bolt from the blue.基数词,序数词一、 数词的分类 1. 基数词 表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下: A从110 one
12、,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten B从 1119 eleven,twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen,eighteen, nineteen 这里除 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, eighteen为特殊形式外,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。 C从 2199 整数几十中除twenty,thirty, forty,fifty,eighty为特殊形式
13、外,sixty,seventy,ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-” 21 twenty-one 76 seventy-six D百位数 个数基数词形式加“hundred”,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and 101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight E千位数以上 从数字的右端向左端数起,每三位数加一个逗号“,”。从右开始,第一个“,”前的数字后添加 thousand,第二个“,”前面的数字后添加 m
14、illion,第三个“,”前的数字后添加 billion。然后一节一节分别表示,两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。 2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight 16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four 5,237,166,234 five billion,two hundred and thirty-seven million,one hundred and sixty-six thousand,two hundred and thirty-four
15、 F基数词在表示确切的数字时,不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,基数词则以复数形式出现。 There are hundreds of people in the hall 大厅里有数以百计的人。 Thousands and thousands of people come to visit the Museum ofQin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day 每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。 They went to the theatre in twos and three
16、s 他们三三两两地来到了剧院。 G表示人的不确切岁数或年代,用几十的复数形式表示。 He became a professor in his thirties 他三十多岁时成为了教授。 She died of lung cancer in forties 她四十来岁时死于肺癌。 It was in the 1960s 那是在二十世纪六十年代。 H基数词的句法功能 基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。 The two happily opened the box 两个人高兴地打开了盒子。(作主语) I need three altogether 我总共需要三个。(作宾语) 四个学生在
17、外面打排球。(作定语) We are sixteen 我们是16个人。(作表语) They three tried to finish the task before sunset 他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务。(作同位语) 2. 序数词 表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式: A从第一至第十九 其中,one first, two second, three third, five fifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelve twelfth为特殊形式,其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。例如: six sixth、nineteen nine
18、teenth B从第二十至第九十九 整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i,再加“eth”构成。 twentytwentieth thirtythirtieth 表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“”和个位序数词形式一起表示。 thirty-first 第三十一 fifty-sixth 第五十六 seventy-third 第七十三 ninety-ninth 第九十九 C第一百以上的多位序数词 由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。 one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一 one thousand,three hundred and
19、twentieth 第一千三百二十 D序数词的缩写形式 有时,序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。 firstlst second2nd third3rd fourth4th sixth6th twentieth20th twenty-third23rd 其中lst,2nd,3rd为特殊形式,其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。 E序数词的句法功能 序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 The second is what I really need 第二个是我真正需要的。(作主语) He choose the second 他挑选了第二个。(作宾语) We are to carry
20、out the first plan 我们将执行第一个计划。(作定语) She is the second in our class在我们班她是第二名。(作表语) 注:序数词在使用时,通常前面要加定冠词 the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再”,“又”。 We/ll go over it a second time 我们得再念第二遍。 We/ve tried it three timesMust we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了,还必须试一次(第四次)吗? 另外,基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后即可,不需要添加定冠
21、词。 the first lessonLesson One the fifth pagePage 5(five) the twenty-first roomRoom 21(twenty-one) 二、时刻表示法 1. 表示几点钟用基数词加可以省略的o/clock 5:00 读作 five o/clock 或 five 2. 表示几点过几分,在分钟后加past,再加小时 five past seven 七点过五分 half past six 六点半 a quarter past eight 八点过一刻 seven past eight 八点过七分 3. 表示几点差几分,在分钟后面加to,再加小时
22、 ten to eight 差十分八点(七点五十分) a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点(十一点四十五分) twenty to six 差二十分六点(五点四十分) 在日常生活中,常用下列简单方法表示时间。 以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字。 6:31读作 six thirty-one 10:26读作 ten twenty-six 14:03 读作 fourteen o three 16:15 读作 sixteen fifteen 18:30 读作 eighteen thirty 23:55 读作 twenty-three fifty-five 三、年月表示法 1. 世纪可以用定
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