人教版初中八年级,上册英语语法汇总(16页).doc

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1、-人教版初中八年级,上册英语语法汇总-第 16 页人教版初中八年级上册英语语法汇总1) leave的用法1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如When did you leave Shanghai?你什么时候离开上海的 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如 Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如 Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京2) 情态动词should“

2、应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等有“竟会”的意思例如 How should I know? 我怎么知道 Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚 should有时表示应当做或发生的事例如 We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如 You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如 You shou

3、ld go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服你最好去看医生。3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如 We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。3) What.? 与 Which.?1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词都可以指人或事物但是what仅用来询问职业。如 What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的 该句相当于 What does your father d

4、o? What is your fathers job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如-Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特-The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。2. What.?是泛指所指的事物没有范围的限制而 Which.?是特指所指的事物有范围的限制。如What color do you like best? 所有颜色你最喜爱什么颜色Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? 有特定的范围你最喜爱哪一种颜色3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如Wh

5、ich pictures are from China? 哪些图片来自中国4) 频度副词的位置 1.常见的频度副词有以下这些 always总是一直 usually通常 often常常经常sometimes有时候never从不2.频度副词的位置 a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如 David is often arrives late for school. 大卫上学经常迟到。 b.放在行为动词前。如 We usually go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天经常在710去上学。 c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾用来表示强调。如 Sometimes I

6、 walk home, sometime I rides a bike. 有时我步行回家有时我骑自行车。3.never放在句首时主语、谓语动词要倒装。如Never have I been there. 5) every day 与 everyday 1. every day 作状语译为“每一天”。如 We go to school at 7:10 every day. 我们每天710去上学。 I decide to read English every day. 我决定每天读英语。 2. everyday 作定语译为“日常的”。 She watches everyday English on

7、TV after dinner. 她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。 Whats your everyday activity? 你的日常活动是什么6) 什么是助动词1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词Auxiliary Verb。被协助的动词称作主要动词Main Verb。助动词自身没有词义不可单独使用例如He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。doesnt是助动词无词义like是主要动词有词义2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用可以用来a. 表示时态例如He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married. 他已结婚。b. 表示语态例如He w

8、as sent to England. 他被派往英国。c. 构成疑问句例如Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗d. 与否定副词not合用构成否定句例如I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。e. 加强语气例如Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。3.最常用的助动词有be, have, do, shall, will, should,

9、 would7) forget doing/to do与remember doing/to do1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做) The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作) Dont forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)

10、典型例题- The light in the office is still on.- OhI forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着即关灯的动作没有发生因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。 2.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)Remembe

11、r to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 8) Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点表示客观形式的形容词如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格品德表示主观感情

12、或态度的形容词如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我你真是太好了。3.for 与of 的辨别方法用介词后面的代词作主语用介词前边的形容词作表语造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of不通则用for。如You are nice. (通顺所以应用of)。He is hard. (人是困难的不通因此应用for。)9) 对两个句子的提问新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势现在采取的作法是对一个句子进行自由提问。例如句子The boy in blue has three pe

13、ns.提问1.Who has three pens? 2.Which boy has three pens? 3.What does the boy in blue have?4.How many pens does the boy in blue have?很显然学生多了更多的回答角度也体现了考试的灵活性。再如句子He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.提问1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 2.Where d

14、oes he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 3.What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday? 5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday? 6.When does he usually go to the park with his frie

15、nds?10) so、such与不定冠词的使用1.so与不定冠词a、an连用结构为“so+形容词+a/an+名词”。如 He is so funny a boy. Jim has so big a house. 2.such与不定冠词a、an连用结构为“such+a/an+形容词+名词”。如 It is such a nice day. That was such an interesting story.11) 使用-ing分词的几种情况1.在进行时态中。如 He is watching TV in the room. They were dancing at nine oclock las

16、t night.2.在there be结构中。如 There is a boy swimming in the river.3.在have fun/problems结构中。如 We have fun learning English this term. They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.4.在介词后面。如 Thanks for helping me. Are you good at playing basketball. 5.在以下结构中 enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事 finish doing sth 完成

17、做某事 feel like doing sth 想要做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事 forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 go on doing sth 继续做某事 remember doing sth 记得做过某事 like doing sth 喜欢做某事 keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事 find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事 see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/听到/观看某人做某事 try doing sth 试图做某事 need doing sth 需要做某事 prefer doing sth 宁愿做

18、某事 mind doing sth 介意做某事 practice doing sth 练习做某事 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 cant help doing sth 禁不住做某事 miss doing sth 错过做某事12) 英语中的“单数”1.主语的第三人称单数形式即可用“he, she, it”代替的。如 he, she, it my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Marys uncle 2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如 man 单数-men复数 banana单数-bananas复数3.动词有原形第三人称单数形式-i

19、ng分词过去式过去分词。如 go-goes-going-went-gone work-works-working-worked-worked watch-watches-watching-watched-watched 当主语为第三人称单数的时候谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如 The boy wants to be a sales assistant. Our English teacher is from the US. Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself. 13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式名词复数的构成可分为规则变化

20、和不规则变化两种。I 名词复数的规则变化 1.一般在名词词尾加-s。如pear-pears hamburger-hamburgers desk-desks tree-trees 2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词词尾加-es。如 class-classes dish-dishes watch-watches box-boxes 3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词词尾加-es。如 potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes Negro-Negroes hero-heroes 4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词将-y变为-i,再加-es。如 family-familie

21、s dictionary-dictionaries city-cities country-countries 5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词将-f或-fe变为-v再加-es。如half-halves leaf-leaves thief-thieves knife-knives self-selveswife-wives life-lives wolf-wolves shelf-shelves loaf-loaves但是scarf-scarves(fes) roof-roofs serf-serfs gulf-gulfs chief-chiefsproof-proofs belief-bel

22、iefs II 名词复数的不规则变化 1.将-oo改为-ee。如foot-feet tooth-teeth 2.将-man改为-men。如man-men woman-women policeman-policemen postman-postmen3.添加词尾。如child-children 4.单复数同形。如sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish people-people5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变其它国把-s加后面”。如Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Swiss-Swiss Englishman-Eng

23、lishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen American-Americans Australian-Australians Canadian-Canadians Korean-Koreans Russian-Russians Indian-Indians6.其它。如mouse-mice apple tree-apple trees man teacher-men teachers 14) 双写最后一个字母的-ing分词初中阶段常见的有以下这些 1.letletting 让 hithitting 打、撞 cutcutting 切、割 getgetting 取、得到 sitsitt

24、ing 坐 forgetforgetting 忘记 putputting 放 setsetting 设置 babysitbabysitting 临时受雇照顾婴儿2.shopshopping 购物 triptripping 绊 stopstopping 停止 dropdropping 放弃 3.traveltravel(l)ing 旅游 swimswimming 游泳 runrunning 跑步 digdigging 挖、掘 beginbeginning 开始 preferpreferring 宁愿 planplanning 计划15) 肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词1.some变为any

25、。如 There are some birds in the tree. There arent any birds in the tree. 但是若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中some可以不变。如 Would you like some orange juice? 与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化。2.and变为or。如 I have a knife and a ruler. I dont have a knife or a ruler.3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much。如 They have a lot of f

26、riends.可数名词 They dont have many friends. There is lots of orange in the bottle.不可数名词 There isnt much orange in the bottle. 4.already变为yet。如 I have been there already. I havent been there yet.16) in与afterin 与 after 都可以表示时间但二者有所区别。1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中以现在为起点表示将来一段时间。如 He will leave for Beijing in a week. 一

27、周后他会动身去北京。2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中以过去为起点表示过去一段时间。如 He left for Beijing after a week. 一周后他动身去了北京。不过如果after后跟的是具体的时刻它也可用于将来时。如 We will finish the work after ten oclock. 十点后我们会完成工作的。 3.注意区分以下的in的用法。 Ill visit him in a week. 一周后我会去拜访他。 Ill visit him twice in a week. 一周内我会去拜访他两次。17) 不定冠词a与an的使用1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单

28、词前。如 There is a b in the word book. 单词book中有个字母b。 类似的字母还有c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。 She has a small knife. 她有一把小刀。2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如 There is an i in the word onion. 单词onion中有个字母i。 类似的字母还有a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。 Do you have an umbrella? 你有一把雨伞吗3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用an以辅音字母开头的单词前面

29、也不一定都用a。如a useful book a universe a one-letter word an hour an uncle an umbrella an honest person 18) 如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种常见的有以下这些1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。如 He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。 Youd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如 The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。

30、 The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。3、dress 可作及物动词有“给.穿衣”的意思后接“人”而不是“衣服”。如 Please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。 dress 也可作不及物动词表示衣着的习惯。如 The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。4、be in 表示穿着的状态。如 John is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。 The man in black is a football coach.19) a

31、 little, a few 与 a bit (of)a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别在哪里呢1. a little 意为“一些、少量”后接不可数名词。如 There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水。 还可以接形容词。如 He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。2. a few 意为“一些、少数”后接复数的可数名词。如 There are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人。3. a bit 意为“一点儿”后接形容词。如 Its a bit

32、 cold. 有点冷。 a bit of 后接不可数名词。如 He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱。 4. a little 表肯定意义little 表否定意义a few 表肯定意义few 表否定意义。如 There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水。 There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了。 I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中国朋友。 Few people like him. 几乎没有人喜欢他。5. a little = a bit o

33、f, 后接不可数名词 a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词意为“有点儿”。20) 关于like的用法like 可以作动词也可以作介词。1、like 作动词表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”有泛指的含义。如 Do you like the color?你喜爱这种颜色吗 like 后可接不定式like to do sth也可接动词的-ing分词like doing sth有时意思不尽相同。如 She likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果。习惯 She likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。平常不喜欢吃 li

34、ke 与 would 连用后接不定式表示愿望或客气的请求。如 Would you like a cup of tea?您愿意喝杯茶吗 “喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth”。如 They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。2、like 作介词可译成“像.”。如 She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好就像母亲一样。 It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。3、区分以下句子 A. What does he l

35、ook like? B. What is he like? A句译为“他长相如何”指一个人的外貌特征而B句译为“他人怎么样”指人的性格特点。C. The boy like Peter is over there. D. A boy like Peter cant do it.A句指外貌相似而D句指性格相似。21) stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”。如 The students stop to listen to their teacher. 学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。 2. stop doing sth

36、 意为“停止做某事”。如 The students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话。 与它们相反的句式是go on to do sth “继续做某事与刚才一事不同”和 go on doing sth “继续做某事与刚才同一件事”。如He finishes his homework and goes on to study English. 他完成了作业接着继续去念英语。They went on playing games. 他们继续玩游戏。22) tell, speak, say 与 talk 1. tell 意为“告诉、讲述”指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件

37、事。如 He tells me that he wants to be a teacher. 他告诉我说他想成为一位教师。 Father always tells interesting stories to us. 爸爸总是给我们讲有趣的故事。 tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”。如 He told me something about his past. 他告诉我一些他的往事。 tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”。如 David told his son to do the homework. 大卫要他的儿子去做作业。 2. speak 意为“说话、讲话

38、”后面主要接语言。如 He can speak English and a little Chinese. 他能讲英语和一点汉语。 speak to 意为“和.讲话、谈话”。如 Can I speak to Mr Zhang? 我能和张先生讲话吗 speak of 意为“提到、说起”。如 The book speaks of my hometown. 那本书提到我的家乡。 3. talk 意为“谈话、讲话”如果只有一方对另一方说话时一般用 talk to如果双方或多方交谈多用 with。如 Please talk to him right now. 请立即同他谈话。 He is talking

39、 with his friend. 他在和朋友交谈。 talk about 意为“谈论.”。如 They are talking about the movie. 他们在谈论那部电影。 have a talk with 意为“与.交谈”。如 Can I have a talk with you? 我可以和你交谈吗 4. say 意为“说”。如 Can you say it in English once more? 你能用英语再说一遍吗 say to 意为“对.说”。如 He said to his students that they would have a test. 他对他的学生说他们

40、将有一个测试。 It is said that. 意为“据说”。如 It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time. 据说他能呆在水里很长时间。 23) Excuse me! 与 Im sorry! 1. Excuse me! 意为“打搅了对不起”一般是为了与陌生人搭话或者要打断对方所说做的事。如 Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood? 请问附近有旅馆吗 Excuse me, could I say something? 打搅一下我能说一些吗 2. Im sorry! 意为“对不起”表示道歉。如 Im sorry, Mr Zhang. I wont do it again. 对不起张先生。我不会这么做了。 24) 表示时间的 in、on 与 at in, on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词组连用。 1. in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间。如 in the morning 在上午 in