英语五种基本句型结构92255(12页).doc

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1、-英语五种基本句型结构92255-第 12 页英语五种基本句型结构一、 句型1：Subject (主语)Verb (谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。3）Spring is coming.4) We

2、have lived in the city for ten years.二、句型2：Subject (主语)Link. V(系动词)Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, gro

3、w, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。三、句型3：Subject(主语)Verb (谓语)Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词,所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。2) Li Lei always helps

4、 me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。四、句型4：Subject(主语)Verb(谓语)Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不

5、可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常

6、给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为：1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.五、句型5：Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常

7、常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1）You should keep the room clean and tidy.你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词）2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。4）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词)5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two

8、Americans.(过去分词)常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。八大词类1

9、名词：名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称Eg ; Boy girl children people Sheeatsanappleeveryday.Iboughtadozeneggsinthemarket.2动词：表示动作或动作中状态的词叫做动词实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词，还可以分成及物动词和不及物动词（缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.）.Eg ； She can dance and sing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）She can sing many English son

10、gs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）动词有五种形态原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular Form in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。动词的基本形式绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、一般现 在是第三人称单数、过去时、过去分词和现 在分词。A、 第三人称单数形式的构成一般现在时主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同：一般情况下只在动词后加s，如work-works,writ

11、e-writes。以s,x,sh,ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guess-guesses,mix-mix,finish-finishes,catch-catches。以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为i，如study-studies。注：不规则变化的有have-has，be-are，go-goes，do-does等。B、 现在分词的构成一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study-studying，work-working。以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去“e”再加“ing”，如write-writing，move-moving。以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写最后字母再加“i

12、ng”，如get-getting，begin-beginning。以ie结尾的动词，一般将ie改为y，再加ing，如lie-lying，die-dying，tie-tying。注：以I结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写I，如control-controlling；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如 travel-traveling（美）/travelling（英）。C、过去式的构成一般情况直接加ed，如ask-asked，work-worked。以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如love-loved，dance-danced。以辅音字母加y结尾，把y改i，如try-tried，study-studied

13、。以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双末尾一个字母，再加ed，如stop-stopped，permit-permitted动词分类类别说明例句行为动词Action Verbs表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。She has a new friend from Australia.He takes the train every day.He leaves for school at around seven.连系动词Link Verbs不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。He is popular in school.Twins usually look the sam

14、e.Trees turn green in spring.助动词Auxiliary Verds不能独立作谓语，只能作主要动词一起构成谓语，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式。I dont want to go for adrive.（否定）We are playing basketball.（进行时态）Do you speak a little tomatoes ?（疑问）情态动词Modality Verbs不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气情态。情态动词没有人称和数量的变化。She can speak a little English.You should drin

15、k more water.1一般现在时的用法1） 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every，sometimes，at，on Sunday,always,every day,usually,seldomI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2） 在时间和条件状语中代替将来、表示按规定将要发生的事情（动作）状态和感觉的动作If you come this afternoon,we will have a meeting.3） 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如

16、果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4） 现 在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the c

17、urrent and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用现在进行时。一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。Where did you go just now2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child,I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during thei

18、r visit,they were given a warm welcome.3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth到时间了该了It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了早该了It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事Id rather you came tomorrow.4） wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I t

19、hought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义：她已不在人间。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义：她现 在还活着)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义：现 在还住在肯塔基州，

20、有可能指刚离去)注意：用过去时表示现 在，表示委婉语气。1）动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。Did you want anything elseI wondered if you could help me.2）情态动词 could,would.Could you lend me your bike?used to / be used toused to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.be used to + doing：对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，

21、后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现 在习惯于散步)一般将来时1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening2）be going +不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrowb. 计划，安排要发生的事

22、。The play is going to be produced next month。c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4）be about +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。be going to

23、 / will用于条件句时， be going to表将来will表意愿If you are going to make a journey,youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.be to和be going tobe to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football

24、tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus start? It starts in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus

25、 is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the

26、 room.用现在进行时表示将来意为：意图、打算、安排、常用于人。常用词为 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。Im leaving tomorrow.Are you staying here till next week现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现 在有联系。动作或状态发生在过 去但它的影响现 在还存在；也可表示持续到现 在的动作或状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is th

27、e first time that I have visited the city.It is the third time that the boy has been late.2）This is the that结构，that从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。3）最基本句型主语+have/has+（already/just）+动词的过去分词+其他比较since和forSince

28、 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two yea

29、rs.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现 在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(现 在我仍在这里工作。)小窍门：当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。1）(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study

30、Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.2）(错) Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.since的四种用法1） since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、19

31、80,last month,half past six)。I have been here since 1989.2） since +一段时间+ agoI have been here since five months ago.3） since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4） It is +一段时间+ since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate stud

32、ent.5）since和for在现在完成时态，since后面加时间点，for后面加时间段。延续动词与瞬间动词1） 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)Ive known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2）用于till / until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才He didnt come back until ten oclock.他到10 点才回来。He slept until t

33、en oclock.他一直睡到10点。现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法：a. 表示现 在(指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。We are waiting for you.b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。The leaves are turning red.Its getting warme

34、r and warmer.d. 与always,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。You are always changing your mind.不用进行时的动词1） 事实状态的动词have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2） 心理状态的动词Know,realize,think see,beli

35、eve,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hateI need your help.He loves her very much.) 瞬间动词accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.I accept your advice.4） 系动词seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turnYou seem a little ti

36、red.3、形容词：形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质,状态,和特征。形容词(adjective)，简称adj.或a.，很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词， 表示人或事物的性质， 状态，和特征。 在句中作定语， 表语， 宾语，补语。形容词在句中作定语，表语，宾语补足语。她是一个好学生，她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard.这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive.对不起,我现在很忙。. Sorry,Im all tied up right now

37、你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?在句中的位置1 形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定，越密切的形容词越靠近名词。如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面，音节多的形容词放在后面。英语单词中something, anything, nothing 等不定代词被形容词修饰时，形容词放在不定代词后面。I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事要告诉你。Is ther

38、e anything interesting in the film?电影里有什么有趣的内容吗？There is nothing dangerous here.这儿一点都不危险。由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。This is the book easy to read.这是一本容易读的书。4、副词：副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语，定语。He works hard. （作状语）他工作努力。You speak English very well. （作状语）你英语讲地相当好。Does s

39、he stay at home? （作表语）她呆在家吗?Lets be out. （作表语）让我们出去吧。Food here is hard to get. （here作定语，hard作状语）这儿很难弄到食物。Let him out!（作补语）让他出去！.修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.5、介词：介词是一种用来表示词与词,词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。

40、6、连词：连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。7、代词：代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。8、冠词：冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词分为不定冠词a，an、定冠词the和零冠词三种，零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。不定冠词表示泛指，定冠词表示特指。不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用在以辅音开头的词前，an用在以元音开头的词前。判断一个词是以元音开头还是以辅音开头，是根据读音而不是根据字母。