大学英语实用翻译.ppt

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1、,英汉互译技巧,第四章,第一讲 Diction 遣词用字 第二讲 Amplification 增词法 第三讲 Omission 省略法 第四讲 Conversion 转换 第五讲 Restructuring 结构调整 第六讲 The Passive Voice 被动语态 第七讲 Affirmative vs. Negative肯定与否定 第八讲 Nominal Clauses 名词性从句 第九讲 Attributive Clause 定语从句 第十讲 Adverbial Clause 状语从句 第十一讲 Long Sentences 长句的翻译,第一讲 Diction 遣词用字,一、教学重点：

2、 1.英汉词字层次对等关系 2.词义的选择和引申 二、教学内容： 1.英汉词字层次对等关系 2.英语词义辨析法 3.词义的选择 4.词义的引申,What is Diction?,By “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.,Correspondence between English and Chinese,Full correspondence No equivalents On

3、e word with multiple equivalents Of the same meaning Of different meanings,How to judge the meaning?,From the parts of speech From the collocation From the context From the syntax,Parts of speech,He saw a man sawing wood with a saw 他看见一个人正用锯子锯木头。 Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the

4、 room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade. 夜贼轻手轻脚的穿过房间，点亮了那盏有浅绿色灯罩的灯，以便辨别方向。 Eat what you can and can what you cannot 能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐头。,Collocation,a fast car the fast growth fast music a fast journey fast color a fast film a fast oven fast asleep break ones fast stick fas

5、t in the mud,速度很快的车 迅速成展 节奏快的音乐 行程紧凑的一次旅行 不易褪掉的颜色 快速感光胶卷 烤箱 熟睡 开斋 牢牢地陷在泥潭里,Context,This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 这场战争将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。 It is quite another story now. 现在的情况完全不同了。 Some reporters who were not included in the sessions broke the story. 有些没有参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出

6、去了. Hell be very happy if that story holds up. 如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。,Syntax,agreement an agreement people a people hostility hostilities use uses,同意 协定 人民 民族 敌意 战争 使用 用途,. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次对等关系,1、Word-for-Word Correspondence Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin = 阿斯匹林 激光

7、= laser 白血病= leukemia 2、One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning wife: 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人 人: human being, man, people, person .,3、One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meanings cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿 president：总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长 羊：sheep, goat, ram, ewe, l

8、amb,4、 Equivalents Interwoven with One Another,5、Words without Equivalents teenager: 13 至19 岁的青少年 clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人 阴: yin (in Chinese thought) the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the world Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族 文房四宝：the four treasures of the study (writing brush, ink-s

9、tick, ink-stone and paper) 乌纱帽：an official post 糖葫芦：Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of childrens favorite food in winter,. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法,1、Judging from the Word Formation parabiospheric para-( outside) +bio-( bio

10、logic) + spheric (having the form of a sphere) 外生物层的 pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis pneumono ( of lung) + ultra ( beyond) + micro (very small) + scopic (of viewing or observing) + silico( of silicon) + volcano (of volcano) + coni( koni, of dust) + osis (forming the name of a disease)

11、硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病,2、Judging from the References third person pronouns; indefinite pronouns：some, any, each, both; definite pronouns：much, many, few, little, etc. He (father) sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself . 他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔莽。,2、Judging from the References 2) demo

12、nstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those; demonstrative adverbs: here, there, now, then, etc. Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人那么多幸福。,2、Judging from the References 3) references of comparison I hate blue shirts; white shirts suit me bu

13、t gray is the most preferable. 我讨厌穿蓝衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿灰衬衫.,. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 英语词义辨析法,3、Judging from the Context and Collocation His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生故障) Modem aircraft are so heavy that the wings must dev

14、elop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (产生升力 ) Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. ( 研制避雷针) A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations. (得出论断) Most of the money came from selling the secret of a n

15、ew type of potato he had developed. (培育新品种) Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit. (开采矿床),4、Judging from Different Branches of Learning and Specialties “base“: “词根” in lexicology “本金” in business “底涂” in painting “基线” in survey “根据地” in military science The lathe s

16、hould be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。(机械) AB is the base of the triangle ABC. AB线是三角形 ABC的底边。 ( 数学) He is on the second base. 他在二垒。（体育）,一词多类：一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。 一词多义：同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。,. Diction 词义的选择,Diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehen

17、sion of the original.,选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手： 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 Your account of what happened is not quite right. Go right on until you reach the church. Its my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until Ive passed it. She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. At

18、KFC, we do chicken right.,2. 根据上下文以及词在句子中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义 He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 He is the last man to do it. 他绝对不会干那件事。 He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这个工作。 He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。,so

19、ft music soft wood soft hat soft answer soft heart soft fire soft words soft drink soft light soft goods soft cushion soft breeze,轻柔的音乐 软木 呢帽 委婉的回答 易感动的心 文火 和蔼的话 不含酒精的饮料 柔和的灯光 毛织品 靠垫 和风,light music light loss light step light heart light car light outfit light work light manner light voice,轻音乐 轻微的损失

20、 轻快的脚步 轻松的心情 轻便的轿车 轻巧的装备 轻松的工作 轻浮的举止 轻柔的声音,将词义作抽象化的引伸 1、将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（

21、刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。,. 词义的引申,2、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词 In fact the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitlers storm troops goose-stepped into power in Furt in 1930. 事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众的好感，以至于在一九三O年，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。 To gooses

22、tep 是从名词Goosestep（鹅步；正步）转化来的动词，本作“鹅步走”或“正步走”解，这里goose-stepped into根据例句上下文引伸为“耀武扬威地夺取”。 See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous ,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。 see-sawing是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作“玩跷跷板”解，这里根据上下文引伸为“两种情况

23、不断地交替出现”。,将词义作具体化的引伸 1、英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。 As the Politburo gave the go-ahead to Brezhnev, Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in the Presidents Kremlin apartment, prepared to accept a setback on SALT. 在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时， 尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。 Vietnam was his ent

24、ree to the new Administration, his third incarnation as foreign policy consultant. 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。,I now have an alternative to complaining. When Im bored with my life, I take my pencils out in the back yard and doodle for an hour, trying to sketch trees that look like trees. Y

25、1:我现在有了一种代替抱怨的东西。当我对生活感到厌倦时，我就拿出铅笔到后院去心不在焉地乱涂一个小时，试图画出看上去像树的树木速写。 Y2:我现在不再抱怨，而是去做一些别的事情。对生活感到厌倦时，我就拿起铅笔，到后院里随便涂鸦个把小时，画画树林的速写，尽量画得看上去像是树林。,第二讲 Amplification 增词法,一、教学重点： 1.适当增添的必要性 2.增词法在英汉互译中的运用 二、教学内容： 1.增词法在英汉翻译中的运用 2.增词法在汉英翻译中的运用,Amplification, also called addition, means supplying necessary words

26、 in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.,wash,Mary washes before meals. Mary washes before going to bed. Mary washes after getting up. Mary washes for a living. Mary washes in a restaurant.,. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation 增词法在英汉翻译中的运用,1、Amplification

27、 by Supplying Omitted in the Original Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能 ，能也可以转化为物质。 In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions , he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演以后 ，他还得起草最后公报。,2、Amplifi

28、cation by Supplying Necessary Connectives Heated, water will change into vapor. 水如受热 ，就会汽化。 Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it. 因为空气具有重量 ，所以处在空气中的任何物体都会受到空气的作用力 。,3、Amplification by Supplying Words to Convey the Concept of Plurality Note that the words “velocity” and

29、speed 速度和速率这两个词需要解释。 He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。 The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。,4、Amplification by Supplying Words to Make Abstract Concept Clear Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生

30、锈。 After all preparations were made, the plane took off. 一切准备工作就绪以后 ，飞机就起飞了 。,5、Amplification by Logical Thinking Air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。 I was taught that two sides of a triangle were greater than the third. 我学过，三角形的两边之和大于第三边。,6、Amplification by Supplying Words of Gener

31、alization According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500 年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。 The principal functons that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, modulation, and detection. 真空管的五大主要功能是整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。,7、Amplifi

32、cation for Purposes of Rhetoric or Coherence This printer is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打印机真是物美价廉。 Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion. 不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点儿赶时鬃吧! 8、Amplification by Repetition Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or hu

33、midity. 不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。,Every man who rises above the common level has received two educations: the first from his teachers; the second, more personal and important, from himself. Y1:每个人尖都接受两种教育：一个是拜师学艺； 另一个是自学成才。后一个更加个人化，也更加重要。 Y2:每一个能够从众人中脱颖而出的人，他所受的教育方式不外乎两种：一种是从师；另外一种是自学。后者尤为重要，也更显个

34、性。 Y3:芸芸众生中凡脱颖而出的人往往接受过两种教育：一种来自老师，另一种来自个人。而来自个人的，更直接，也更重要。,1. Adding Necessary Pronoun(s) 大作收到，十分高兴。 2. Adding Necessary Article(s) 我们对问题要做全面的分忻，才能解决得妥当。 3. Adding Necessary Connective(s) 虚心使人进步 ，骄傲使人落后。 4. Adding Necessary Preposition(s) 咱们校门口见吧。 5. Adding Necessary Background Word(s) 这真是俗话说的 ，“旁观

35、者清”。,Practice,第三讲 Omission 省略法,一、教学重点： 1. 省略法在英汉互译中的运用 2. 省略的主要方法技巧 二、教学内容： 1.省略法在英汉翻译中的运用 2.省略法在汉英翻译中的运用,. Omission in English-Chinese Translation省略法在英汉翻译中的运用,1、Omitting the Pronoun He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。 They went to dinner. It was excel

36、lent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. They talked not only without acrimony，but even with friendliness. 他们进人餐室用餐。 美酒佳看，顿受感染 ，言谈间不但没有恶言恶语，甚至还充满友好之情。,2、Omitting the Article The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮慢慢从海上升起。 Any substance is made up of atoms whe

37、ther it is a solid，a liquid, or a gas. 任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体都由原子组成。 3、Omitting the Preposition Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不许吸烟。 Hydrogen is the lightest element with an atomic weight of 1.0008. 氢是最轻的元素，原子量为1.0008。,4、Omitting the Conjunction He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 If I

38、 had known it, I would not have joined in. 早知如此，我就不参加了。 5、Omitting the Verb When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do. 如同液体和气体一样，固体也膨胀和收缩。,6、Omitting the Impersonal Pronoun “It” Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining

39、 cats and dogs. 大雨倾盆。 It was not until the middle of he 19th century that the blast furnace came into use. 直到 19 世纪中叶，高炉才开始使用。,我们必须培养分析问题解决问题的能力。 每条河都有上游、中游、下游。 中国人民历来是勇于探索，勇于创造，勇于革命的。 We have 7 days in a week. Is it a he or a she? This is Brown speaking.,Practice,第四讲 Conversion 转性,In translation fr

40、om Chinese into English or from English into Chinese the part of speech of words is often conversed to make the translation more coherent and idiomatic.,His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph. A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained from here. He was well-favoured, bright, a good dancer

41、, a fair shot and a fine tennis player. Londoners are great readers.,She recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries. I had impression that your brother was the director of the company. With these words, he went away. She was wisely determined to give up.,Any Questions?,佳译欣赏

42、,1. The clear heaven overhead was emptied of all its gold. Dusk spread over it, abruptly darkening the Seven Hills. 译文：天宇澄清，余晖尽敛，夜幕降临，罗马七丘顿时昏暗。（翁显良译）,2. Isitnecessarytoshout? 译文：说话就说话，非得叫唤不可吗 (吕叔湘译),3.That Home is Home though it is never so Homely.译文：家虽不佳仍是家。（刘炳善译）,第五讲 Restructuring 结构调整,结构调整(Restru

43、cturing)是英汉互译中的 常用翻译技巧。 由于英汉两语句法结构和表达习惯各异， 有些句子的词序、语序在英汉互译时，必须 加以调整，才能符合目的语的表达习惯。具 体包括： 词序调整 句序调整,词序调整,固定用法 表达习惯 定语的位置 状语的位置,固定用法,iron and steel plant export and import track and field popular modern songs look right and left life and death land and water fire and water hot and cold heavy and light

44、old and new,钢铁厂 进出口 田径 现代流行歌曲 左顾右盼 死活 水陆 水火 冷热 轻重 新旧,定语的位置,单词作定语 短语作定语,单词作定语,a research-orientated university Japan proper the bankers little garden the ancient Chinese craftsmanship a little, yellow, ragged, lame beggar,一所以科研为重点的（研究型）大学 日本本土 银行老板的小花园 中国古代工艺 一个乞丐，身材矮小、面黄肌瘦、衣衫褴褛、脚步蹒跚,短语作定语,A building

45、 project of apartment houses A candidate with little chance of success,一个公寓大楼的建筑项目 一个当选希望渺茫的候选人,状语的位置,单词作状语-地，得 修饰形容词 修饰动词 短语作状语,修饰形容词,John did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class. 约翰当年并不是个出色的学生，但他在班上很活跃。,修饰动词,Modern science and technology are developing rapidly. 现代

46、科学技术正在飞速发展。,短语作状语,Truth is tough. It will not break, like a bubble, at a touch; nay, you may kick it about all day like a football, and it will be round and full at evening. 真理是坚韧的，不会像气泡那样一触即破；不仅如此，它还可以像足球一样，整天任人踢来踢去，到晚上却照样圆鼓鼓的。 他1963年10月10日上午10点出生在东北的黑龙江省佳木斯市。 He was born in Jiamusi, Heilongjiang P

47、rovince in northeast China at 10 A. M. on the 10th of October, 1963.,句序调整,时间顺序、逻辑顺序 顺序法 逆序法 时序法 拆分法 合并法,For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 例如，它们（指测试）

48、并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大的才干。,There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. 所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。,Nature s

49、eldom provides me with the word, the turn of phrase, that is appropriate without being far-fetched or commonplace. 要做到用词、措辞恰到好处，既不牵强附会、又不落俗套，我天生少有这种本事。,She was the product of the fancy, the feeling, the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind of her mother combined with the gravity and poise which were characteristic of her father. Y1: 原来她的母亲虽然没有受过教育，却有一种诗意的心境，具有幻想，