初级中学英语语法直接引语和间接引语.ppt

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1、直接引语变间接引语详解.,I am the king of the whole world.,What does the lion say?,2020/10/24,兰州梦菲英语学校 赵老师编讲,授课教师 刘 君,语初中英语法专题直接引语与间接引语,Direct Speech and Reported Speech,引语的概念,直接引述别人的原话，叫 _;,直接引语,用自己的话把别人的话陈述出来，叫 _。,间接引语,直接引语通常都用_括起来，,引号“ ”,间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个 _。,宾语从句,The boy said ,” Im reading a book.”,Direct spee

2、ch 直接引语,The boy said (that) he was reading a book.,Reported speech 间接引语.,I can speak three languages.,He said he could speak three languages.,What did he say?,I am mad at Marcia.,He said he was mad at Marcia.,What did he say?,What did they say? They said they were having a party for Lana.,she was ha

3、rd-working,I am hard- working.,What did she say?,She said,she was not lazy.,What did she say?,She said,I am not lazy.,he was good at playing basketball.,What did he say?,He said,Im good at playing basketball.,I am good at English.,She said she was good at English.,What did she say?,What did she say?

4、,I do well in English.,She said she did well in English.,do well in,I do well in English.,I go to beach every Sunday.,What did he say? He said he_.,went to beach every Sunday,What did she say? She said she_.,would call me tomorrow,I will call you tomorrow.,直接引语变间接引语可分为三大类：,1）直接引语为陈述句,2）直接引语为疑问句（一般疑问

5、句、特殊疑问句）,3）直接引语为祈使句,Direct Speech,Reported Speech,She said, “I like singing. ” She said, “I am waiting for a bus.” She said, “I visited Europe last year.” She said, “I have never met an American.” She said, “I will see you next week.”,She said she liked singing.,She said she was waiting for a bus.,S

6、he said she had visited Europe the year before.,She said she had never met an American.,She said she would see me the next week.,SUMMARY,直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时用连词that引导宾语从句.从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等相应变化.,、人称的变化,一 随 主,二随宾,第三 人称 不变,引号内的第一人 称变间引后与主 句主语的人称保 持一致,引号内的第二人 称变间引后与主 句宾语的人称保 持一致,引号内的第三人 称在变间引后人 称不变,

7、She said,“ I like Tennis.”,She said that she liked tennis.,He said to Lily, “ you must get up early.”,He told Lily that she must get up early.,She said to me , “ They want to help him.”,She told me that they wanted to help him.,一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新,直接引语,间接引语,一般现在时,一般过去时,现在进行时,过去进行时,一般过去时,过去完成时,现在完成时,过去完成

8、时,一般将来时,过去将来时,The teacher said,“The sun is bigger than the earth.”,The teacher said that the sun is bigger than the earth.,注: 直引若是客观真理,变为间引时,时态不变.,时态变化,2,直接引语,间接引语,指示代词,时 间 状 语,地点状语,方向性动词,this,that,these,those,now,then,today,that day,this week,that week,yesterday,the day before,last week,the week be

9、fore,four days ago,four days before,the day before yesterday,two days before,tomorrow,the next/following day,next month,the next/following month,here,there,come,go,bring,take,情态动词,can, may, must,could,might,had to,e.g. He often says,“China is great.” He often says (that) China is great. Tom says,“I

10、am a student.” Tom says (that) he is a student.,He says,“I leave my book in your room” He said (that) he left his book in your room.,1 陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省略） 一般现在时 He said, “ I can do well in English.” 现在进行时 He said, “Im writing a letter.” 一般将来时 Tom said to me “I will call you

11、 tomorrow”,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时, He said that he could do well in English., He said that he was writing a letter.,Tom told me that he would call me the next day.,注： 如果主句是一般现在时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的时态不变。 He says, “Im not good at math. ”,He says that he is not good at math.,注意： (1)如果在当天转述today,yesterday, tomorr

12、ow 等时间状语也不必改变。 (2)如果在当地转述，here 不必改为there，动词come 不必改为go. (3)当转述客观真理时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：1.Hesaid ,“Themoonmovesaroundtheearth. He saidthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearth. (4)为了表示引述的状态和情况到现在仍然是事实时，也经常用一般现在时。 My teacher said, “Tom is a good student. ” My teacher said Tom is a good student.,Direct Speech,Rep

13、orted Speech,She asked, “Have you seen the film?”,She asked me whetherif I had seen the film.,He asked, “Are you a doctor, John?”,He asked John ifwhether he was a doctor.,She asked us, “Where are you going to get off?”,She asked us where we were going to get off.,He asked them, “Who gave you a talk

14、yesterday?”,He asked them who had given them a talk the day before.,SUMMARY,直接引语是疑问句，变间接引语时，要从疑问语序变为陈述语序。 直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,用连词 if 或 whether 连接。 直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的疑问词作连词来引导。,一般疑问句,He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?” He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my p

15、ronunciation. He said, “You are interested in English, arent you?” He asked whether I was interested in English.,间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词say要改为ask ，语序要变为陈述语序,He asked, “Do you speak English or French?” He asked me whether I spoke English or French. I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?” I a

16、sked him whether he would take bus or take train. “Is he all right?”They cried out. They cried out whether he was all right.,注意：大多数情况下，if ,whether 可以互换，但句中出现or (not),或放在介词后作连接词，只用whether。,特殊疑问句,He said to me，“Whats your name?” He asked me what my name was. He asked us, “How many car factories have b

17、een built in your country?” He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.,原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask(sb. )来表达，语序改为陈述句语序,2. 直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要 把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。 1）一般疑问句。用whether或if(是否）引导。主句中的动词是said时改为asked，没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾语me/him /her。 Eg. Hesaid,“Areyouastudent?” 疑问语序,Heasked me

18、whether /if Iwasastudent.,陈述语序,2) 特殊疑问句:由直接引语变为间接引语时, 仍用原来的疑问词引导.要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。 Eg.“Whereareyougoing?”Fatherasked hisson. Eg.The policeman asked the small boy, “Where do you live?”,The policeman asked the small boy where he lived.,Father asked his son where he was going,疑问语序,陈述语序,疑问语序,陈述语序,Direct S

19、peech,Reported Speech,“Never do that again,” the teacher said,The policeman ordered us to be quiet.,The policeman ordered:“Be quiet.”,The teacher told the boy to open the window,The teacher said to the boy ,”Open the window .”,The teacher told me not /never to do that again,“Wait a moment” she said

20、to them.,She asked them to wait a moment .,直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语，把动词原形变成动词不定式，并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order , advise等动词的宾语。 注意：否定句，在动词不定式前加not或never.,SUMMARY,直接引语是祈使句，则改为 tell/order/ask sb. (not) to do sth. 其他变化同上。,祈使句,He said, “Please come here tomorrow.” The teacher said, “Dont talk any more.”,He asked me to

21、 go there the next day.,The teacher told us not to talk any more.,3. 当直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时,间接祈使句的引述动词常用tell, ask, order, 等, 而把直接引语的祈使句变成带 (not) to的不定式短语。 句型： tell/ask/order sb (not)to do sth 如:,1 The teacher said to the students, “Stop talking.” 老师对学生们说: “不要讲话了。” The teacher told the students to stop ta

22、lking. 老师让学生们不要说话了。 2.The teacher said to us,”Dont play in class. The teacher told/asked us not to play in class.,解题步骤:,1.陈述句,“I dont like computers,” Sandy said to her friends.,Sandy said to her friends,that,said,didnt,she,Sandy said to her friends that she didnt like computers.,2.一般疑问句: Is it easy

23、 to work out the problem? ( They asked him ),They asked him,if,It is easy to work out the problem.,it is easy to work out the problem.,asked,is,was,They asked him if it was easy to work out the problem.,3.特殊疑问句： When do you harvest the wheat ? ( They asked him ),They asked him,when,you harvest the w

24、heat,you harvest the wheat.,he,harvested,They asked him when he harvested the wheat.,4.祈使句 Little boy, put on your coat. (They ordered ),They ordered,Little boy,Little boy, put on your coat.,put on your coat.,to put,They ordered the little boy to put on his coat.,his,注意事项,1) 人称 2) 时态 3) 相应的时间地点状语 4)

25、 标点符号 5） 大小写 6） 问号改为句号 7） 语序-疑问改陈述 8） 宾语从句由什么引出 9) 祈使句要使用动词不定式来引述,一、如何变人称： 口诀：一随主。二随宾，第三不变。,“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如： Shesaid.Mybrotherwantstogo shoppingwithme.” Shesaidherbrother wantedtogo shoppingwithher.,“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外

26、的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：,HesaidtoKate.Howisyoursisternow?” HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen。,“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：,Mr.Smithsaid, “Jackisagoodboy.” Mr.SmithsaidJackwasagoodboy.,二、如何变时态： 直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。1) 一般现在时一般过去时态； She said: “ I am a student.

27、 ” She said (that) she was a student. 2)一般将来时过去将来时 Shesaid, Hewillgotoseehisfriend.” Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend。 Tom said, “ I am going to play basketball tomorrow.” Tom said he was going to play basketball tomorrow. 3) 现在进行时过去进行时； She said ,“I am reading a book.” She said she was reading a book

28、.,注意：以下几种情况时态 不变 直接引语是客观真理。 Theteacher said Theearthmovesaroundthesun.” Theteachersaidmetheearthmovesaround thesunearth.,直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语， 变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： Jacksaid.IwasbornonApril2l,1980.,直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。 Jacksaid.“I was doing chores when Tom came to see me”,Jacksaid he was doing chores when T

29、om came to see him.,Jack saidhewasbornonApril21,1980.,直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： Hesaid,“Igetupatsixeverymorning。” 如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式不再变 （例：could,should,would,might） The doctor said, “You should stay in bed for 2 days.” The doctor said I should stay in bed for 2 days.” 和已经是过去时的形式时，

30、 例： oughtto，hadbetter,usedto Petersaid.Youhadbettercomeheretoday.,Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning.,PetersaidIhadbettergotherethatday.,三、如何变状语： 直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律， 时间状语由“现在”改为“原来” （例：now变为then,yesterday变为thedaybefore today变为 that day He said, ”I want to go swimming now. ” He said he wanted to go sw

31、imming then. 地点状语，尤其表示方向性的， here 变 there The teacher said ,“ You should come here at 7:00.” The teacher said I should go there at 7:00. 指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼” 例：this改为that Hesaid,Thisbooksismine.“ Hesaidthatbook washis.,agobefore; this morningthat morning Yesterdaythe day before; tomorrowthe next day n

32、ext weekthe following week/the next week Yesterday morningthe morning before,谓语动词的变化:,直接引语:Must ;Come ;bring,间接引语:had to; go ;take,She said, I will come here this evening.”,She said that she would go there that evening,四、如何变句型： 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导 的宾语从句。 Shesaid,Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes.“

33、 Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句， 间接引语应改为由 whether或if引导的宾语从句. Hesaid,Canyouswim,John?“ HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim。 “Doyougotoschoolbybusorbybike?” HeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybusorbybike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 Sheaskedme,Whendotheyhave

34、theirdinner?” Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner. Sheaskedme,Whatwas Jack doing when I come in?” Sheaskedme what Jack was doing when she came in.,直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“ Tell (ask,order,beg等)sb(not)todosth.”句型。 如： 1.Dontmakeanynoise,the teachersaidtothestudents. Shetold(ordered)thestudentsnottomakeanynois

35、e. 2.“Open the door,please,saidshe. Sheaskedhimtoopen the door. 直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动句词（或从句）”如： Hesaid,Letsgotothemovies. Hesuggestedgoingtothemovies. 或Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotoseethemovies.,Exercise,1. “I never eat meat.” he said. He said that _ never _ meat. 2. “Ive found

36、my wallet.” he said to me. He _ me that he _ _ _ wallet. 3. “I took it home with me.” she said. She said that _ _ _ it home with her. 4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.” The teacher said that the sun _ in the east and _ down in the west. 5. “I met her yesterda

37、y.” he said to me. He _ me that he _ met the day _. 6. “You must come here before five.” he said. He said that I _ to go _ before five. 7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said. He said that he _ bought the house 10 years _.,he,ate,told,had,Found,his,she,had,taken,rise,goes,told,had,before,had,

38、before,had,there,8. “Did you see her last week?” he said. He _ _ I had seen her the week _. 9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.” He _ Jim that he _ sit there 10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?” He asked her mother _ _ _ found it. 11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked. He asked me _

39、 _ _been _ days. 12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked. He asked _ _ knew where she _. 13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said. He _ the children _ _ making so much noise. 14. “Dont tell him the news.” she said. She told me _ _ him the news. 15. “Are you intested in this?” he said.

40、He _ _ I was interestd in _.,if,asked,told,before,she,could,where,how,had,i,had,those,lived,i,if,stop,to,told,to,not,asked,tell,if,that,Exercises : 1). Betty says to Harry, I want to borrow your book.”,2).My teacher said , “she is a good student.”,Betty says to Harry (that) she wants to borrow his B

41、ook.,My teacher said that she was a good student.,3) She asked me,” Do you agree with me?”,4) Anne asked her mother, “Is there any delicious food to eat?”,She asked me if I agreed with her.,Anne asked her mother if there was any delicious food to eat.,5) “ What are you going to do?” he asked.,6）“How

42、 do you go to school every day?” asked Mr. Zhang.,He asked me what I was going to do.,Mr. Zhang asked how I went to school everyday.,7). Mom said,“ Dont chat with strangers”,8). “ Go shopping with me, please?” said Mr. Wang .,Mom told me not to chat with strangers.,Mr. Wang asked me to go shopping w

43、ith him.,Practice: 1) He said,“ My brother failed in the exam.” He said _brother had failed in the exam. 2) He said to Mary,“ How is your mother now?” he asked Mary how _mother was then. 3)My teacher said, she is a good student. My teacher said _was a good student 4) He said to me,“ Ive left her boo

44、k in your room” He told me that _had left _ book in _ room.,his,her,she,he,her,my,1. We want you to take a message for her. said the Greens.,The Greens told me that wanted to take a message for .,2.Are you willing to lend us a hand? she said to him.,She asked him whether was willing to lend a hand.,

45、He says,“Is Tom a student or a teacher？” He asks whether Tom is a student or a teacher. He asked me, Do you like playing football?“ He asked me if/whether I liked playing football. My sister asked me : “ What is your friend?” My sister asked me what my friend was. Jack asked me, How do you like the

46、film? Jack asked me how I liked the film. The solider ordered,“Be quiet.” The solider ordered us to be quiet. He said to her,“Open the door, please.” He asked her to open the door. She says,“I will go to Beijing next month.” She says (that) she will go to Beijing the next month. He often says “ I sh

47、all tell you about them.” He often tells me that he will tell me about them.,1.“ I am ill today.” said my mother.,My mother said that she ill that day.,2.“We work hard at English.” he said.,was,He said that they hard at English.,worked,1.They said to me, “We are working hard at a company.”,They told

48、 me that they at a company.,were working,2.“I am writing a letter now.”she said.,She said that she a letter then.,was writing,Practice : . John said, “I like reading adventure stories. ” John said that he _ reading adventure stories. . She said to me, “I broke your CD player. ” She told me that she _ my CD player. . He said, “Ill come here this morning.” He said he_