动词的时态语态和主谓一致.ppt

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1、第六讲 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致,01,02,06,针对训练,03,动词的时态,一、 一般现在时,一般现在时的构成。,一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语一般由动词原形后加s或es构成。其变化规则如下：,1,一、 一般现在时,一般现在时的构成。,1,一、 一般现在时,一般现在时的用法。,表示经常性、习惯性的动作，句中常用 often，usually，sometimes，every day 等时间状语。,2,He goes to school by bicycle every day. 他每天骑自行车去上学。,一、 一般现在时,一般现在时的用法。,表示现在的状态、特征、

2、事实或客观真理。,2,The story sounds very interesting. 这个故事听起来很有趣。,一、 一般现在时,一般现在时的用法。,表示现在的状态、特征、事实或客观真理。,2,The story sounds very interesting. 这个故事听起来很有趣。 As we all know，objects fall to the ground because of gravity. 众所周知，由于重力物体下落。,一、 一般现在时,一般现在时的用法。,在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。,2,When I graduate，Ill go to th

3、e countryside. 毕业后我要去乡下。,一、 一般现在时,一般现在时的用法。,表示按计划、规定将要发生的动作，但限于少数动词，如：begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close，take off等。,2,The meeting begins at seven.会议将于七点开始。 The plane takes off at 6 oclock tomorrow morning. 飞机将在明天早上6点钟起飞。,二、 一般过去时,一般过去时的构成。,1,一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加ed构成，其

4、变化规则如下：,二、 一般过去时,一般过去时的用法。,2,表示在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1982等。,He finished writing his novel last month. 他上个月写完了一部小说。 I felt very tired when I got home，and I went straight to bed. 我到家的时候感到非常累，就直接上床睡觉了。,二、 一般过去时,一般过去时的用法。,2,表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。,Wh

5、en I was a child，I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。,二、 一般过去时,一般过去时的用法。,2,有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生，应使用一般过去时。,Your phone number again？I didnt quite catch it. 你再说一遍您的电话号码，我刚才没有听清。,二、 一般过去时,一般过去时的用法。,2,有表示过去一段时间内完成的动作。,Mr. White lived in Paris for seven years，and he lives in

6、 Beijing now. 怀特先生在巴黎住过七年，他现在住在北京。,三、一般将来时,will/shall动词原形。,1,表示客观的将来，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。shall一般用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称。,My birthday is coming. I shall be 18 years old. 我的生日就要到了。我将要18岁了。,一般将来时表示从现在看来将要发生的动作或状态。,三、一般将来时,will/shall动词原形。,1,will还可表达说话时临时做出的决定。,What time is it? I have no idea. But just a minute，I w

7、ill check it for you. 几点了？ 我不知道。稍等，我帮你看一下。,一般将来时表示从现在看来将要发生的动作或状态。,三、一般将来时,be going to动词原形。,2,“be going to动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事或根据某种迹象预示着要发生某事。,I am going to buy some books with my sister this afternoon. 我打算下午和姐姐去买些书。 Look at the clouds. It is going to rain. 看那些乌云。天要下雨了。,三、一般将来时,be to 动词原形， 表示按计划进行的动作或征

8、求对方意见。,3,The boy is to go to school tomorrow. 男孩明天要去上学。 Are we to go on with this work? 我们要继续这项工作吗？,名师指津be to do和be going to do的区别 be to do表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to do表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观想法

9、),四、过去将来时,过去将来时的常用表达法：would/should动词原形。,1,表示对过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在状态。,I hoped that we would meet again someday. 我希望将来有一天我们能再见面。,四、过去将来时,过去将来时的常用表达法：would/should动词原形。,1,表示过去的某种习惯行为。,I would swim in the small river after school when I was a child. 我小时候放学后总是在这条小河里游泳。,四、过去将来时,过去将来时的其他表达法,2,was/were going

10、to do表示过去的打算和意图。,He was going to start work the following week. 他打算接下来的那个星期开始工作。,四、过去将来时,过去将来时的其他表达法,2,was/were to动词原形。,这种结构通常指过去的计划、安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。,He said he was to meet his friend at the station at 4 pm. 他说他下午四点去车站接他朋友。(计划安排),四、过去将来时,过去将来时的其他表达法,2,was/were about to动词原形。,这种结构表示过去

11、即将发生的事，常与when连用。,I was about to go out when someone called me. 我正要出门，这时有人给我打电话。,五、现在完成时,表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，其结果的影响现在依然存在。有时与just，already，yet，recently，before，twice，three times等时间状语连用，常与非延续性动词连用。,1,I dont want to go to the cinema with you，because I have seen the film already. 我不想和你一起去看电影，因为我已经看过那部电影了。,现在

12、完成时的谓语构成：have(has) 过去分词。,五、现在完成时,表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，常与“since时间点”、“for时间段”及 so far，up to now，till now，in the last/past few years等时间状语连用。,2,The film Wolf Warrior has received good reviews since it came out last month. 电影战狼自上个月上映以来获得了许多好评。,五、现在完成时,常用现在完成时的句型,3,It is the most instructive lecture t

13、hat I have attended since I came to this school. 这是自从我到这个学校以来所参加过的最有教育意义的讲座。,在“It (This) is the best (worst，most interesting等)名词从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。,五、现在完成时,常用现在完成时的句型,3,It is the third time that you have been late for work this week，isnt it? 这已经是本周你第三次上班迟到了，不是吗？,在“It (This) is (will be) the first/sec

14、ond/third.timethat从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。,六、过去完成时,过去完成时的构成为haddone。表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”，句中有明显的表示过去的参照动作或时间状语。,1,By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had graduated from college. 杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the p

15、arty. 汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。,六、过去完成时,动词hope，expect，think，intend，mean，want，suppose，plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。,2,We had hoped that you would come，but you didnt. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。,六、过去完成时,常用过去完成时的句型,3,Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions. 演讲者一结束他的讲话，

16、观众就不停地向他提问。,“hardly (scarcely).when.，no sooner.than.”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意思为“刚就”。,六、过去完成时,常用过去完成时的句型,3,That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. 这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。,表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。,名师指津两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连接时，多用一般过去时。 When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看

17、到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。,七、现在完成进行时,现在完成进行时的构成为have/hasbeendoing。表示过去的动作持续到现在刚刚结束或有可能延续下去，常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。,1,Tom looks tired because he has been cleaning the house since 9 am. 汤姆看上去很累，因为他从上午九点到现在一直在打扫房间了。,七、现在完成进行时,表示反复发生的动作。,2,You have been saying you can

18、 succeed for five years. 五年来你一直在说你能成功。,表示某种感情色彩。,3,Too much has been happening today. 今天真是一个多事的日子。,八、现在进行时,现在进行时的构成。,1,现在进行时的构成形式为：am/is/arev.ing。v.ing形式的变化规则如下：,八、现在进行时,现在进行时的用法,2,We are waiting for you at the airport. 我们正在机场等你。,表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。,Mr. Green is writing another novel these days. 这

19、些天格林先生在写另一部小说。(说话时可能并未在写),表示当前一段时间正在进行的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。,八、现在进行时,现在进行时的用法,2,Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越暖和了。,表示逐渐变化的动作，这样的动词有：get，grow，become，turn，run，go，begin等。,You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。,与always，constantly，forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观感情色彩。,八、现在进行时,现在进行时的用法,2,名师指津

20、不用进行时的动词 (1)表示事实状态的动词和心理状态的动词，如 belong，possess，owe，exist，include，contain，continue，know，realize，believe，suppose，imagine，agree，recognize，prefer，understand等。 This house belongs to my sister.这房子是我姐的。 (2)系动词，如seem，remain，lie，see，hear，smell，feel，taste，get，become，turn等。 You seem a little tired.你看上去有点累。,九、过

21、去进行时,过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作或存在的状态。 常用的时间状语有：at six this morning，the whole morning，all day yesterday，from nine to ten last evening等。,I was making a modal plane at nine yesterday evening. 我昨天晚上九点正在制作模型飞机。,1,九、过去进行时,过去进行时的另一个主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生，常用于when和 while引导的时间状语从句。,My brother fell while

22、 he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。,2,动词的语态,一、被动语态的构成,被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成，be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化(以动词build为例)列表如下：,一、部分倒装,The window is dirty. It hasnt been cleaned for weeks. 窗户脏了。已经好几周没擦了。 All the employees are encouraged to work online at home. 所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。 Th

23、e number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people eat healthily. 如果人们能健康地饮食，那么死于心脏病的人数将大大减少。,名师指津含有情态动词的被动语态的构成：情态动词be过去分词 The boxes must be moved into the house before it rains. 这些箱子必须在下雨前搬到房间里去。,二、被动语态的基本用法,不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者。,This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的

24、。,1,为了强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。,Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求参观者不可触摸展品。,2,二、被动语态的基本用法,用在科技文献或新闻报道中。,Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s. 这种小汽车是二十世纪80年代制造的。,3,名师指津get过去分词可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。 The patient got treated once a week. 那位病人一周得到一次治疗。,三、主动形式表达被动意义,系动词(look, feel, taste, sound,

25、smell, prove, seem, appear等)形容词或名词。,The dish tastes good. 这菜味道不错。,1,表示开始、结束、运动的动词(begin, finish, close, open, start, stop, shut，move, run等)。,The store closes at 6：00 pm. every day. 商店每天下午六点关门。,2,三、主动形式表达被动意义,表示主语的特点或特征的动词(read, write, sell，wash, wear, cut, lock, act, draw, drive, drink, eat, clean等)

26、。,Books of this kind sell well. 这类书很畅销。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支钢笔写起来很流畅。,3,主谓一致,主谓一致,主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。做题时还要注意时态及其他语法及词义的正确性。,一、语法一致原则,动名词、动词不定式、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。,1,Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day. 听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。 To love and to be lov

27、ed is the greatest happiness in the world. 爱人和被人爱是这个世界上最大的幸福。 Everything is in a complete mess, which drives people crazy. 所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。,一、语法一致原则,主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。,2,Mr. Smith，together with

28、his wife and daughters，is going to visit Beijing this summer. 史密斯先生和他的妻子、女儿们今年夏天将要一起参观北京。 I think Tom，rather than you is to blame for the accident. 我认为是汤姆而不是你该为此事故负责任。,一、语法一致原则,由“kind，type，sort，a quantity of，quantities of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。,3,This new type of buses is now on show. 这种新型的公共汽车现在正

29、在展出。 With more and more forests being destroyed，a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year. With more and more forests being destroyed，quantities of good earth are being washed away each year. 随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。,一、语法一致原则,“more than one/many a单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；each，every

30、，no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。,4,More than one person is involved in this. 与此事有牵连的不止一个人。 Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday. 每个男生和女生都希望参加周日即将举办的聚会。,二、意义一致原则,集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family，class，team，group，public，committee

31、，government，audience等。,1,意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。,The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls. 这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。 The class are doing experiments. 全班学生都在做实验。,二、意义一致原则,the rest of.，the remaining/part.主语，谓语动词应根据句子所表达的单复数意义而定。,2,The factory used three fifths of the raw materials，the rest

32、of which were saved for other purposes. 工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。,二、意义一致原则,分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。,3,About 50% of the land is suitable to grow plants. 大约50%的土地适合种植物。 About 80% of the people in the city object to the price of running water going up. 这个城市中大约80%的人反对自来水价格上调。,二、意义一致原则,单复数同

33、形的名词作主语的情况。 单复数同形的名词，如means，works，sheep，deer，crossroads，series等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据具体情况而定。,4,There are various means of communicating with a stranger. 同陌生人交流有很多不同的方法。,二、意义一致原则,从句作主语的情况。 从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词要根据从句的意义决定。,5,That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised. 杰克出国了，这使我们都很惊讶。 W

34、hat he says and acts do not agree. 他的言行不一致。(指他说的话和他做的事，是复数概念),三、就近一致原则,由or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致。,1,Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. 要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。,三、就近一致原则,由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主

35、语保持一致。,2,There is a dog and two cats at the door. 门口有一条狗和两只猫。,三、就近一致原则,分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。,3,The factory used three fifths of the raw materials，the rest of which were saved for other purposes. 工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。,. 单句语法填空,1Later, engineers _ (manage) to construct railways in

36、 a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.(2017全国卷) 2When fat and salt _ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017全国卷) 3Leaving the less important things until tomorrow _ (be) often acceptable.(2016全国卷) 4Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Trul

37、y elegant chopsticks might _ (make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.(2016全国卷) 5Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and _ (be) too violent for use at the table.(2016全国卷),managed,are removed,is,be made,were,. 单句语法填空,6Mr. Green as well as his children _ (go) to the park

38、every Sunday. 7What her father left her _ (be) only some books. 8My hobby is widespread，which _ (include)drawing，collecting stamps and so on. 9Now Professor Smith，along with his assistants， _ (be) working on the project day and night to meet the deadline. 10Between the two rows of trees _ (stand) th

39、e teaching building.,goes,are,includes,is,stands,. 单句语法填空,11I _ (intend)to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor. 12The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _ (reward) with success in the end. 13This is because two thirds of the earths surface _ (be) made up of va

40、st oceans. 14Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _ (wear) evening dress. 15Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ (be) tired of having one examination after another.,had intended,will be rewarded,is,wears,are,. 单句语法填空,16We _ (tell) that our rooms hadnt been reserved for t

41、hat week，but for the week after. 17If it _ (turn) cold again，theyll dive back down.But they come out again if it is warm. 18It is the most instructive lecture that I _ (attend) since I came to this school. 19It _ (rain)when they left the station. 20In the last few years，China _ (make) great achievem

42、ents in environmental protection.,were told,turns,have attended,was raining,has made,. 单句改错,1I had grown not only physically，but also mentally in the past few years.(2017全国卷) 2About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school mus

43、ic club.(2017全国卷) 3Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.(2016全国卷) 4A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.(2015全国卷) 5Every means have been considered but none is proper.,have,taken,used,told,has,. 单句改错,6Whether the temple sho

44、uld be pulled down have caused a heated discussion. 7Tom as well as two of his friends were invited to the party yesterday. 8One day I saw an advertisement in a local newspaper. I ring up the company，and I was given the job immediately. 9The answer sheet must cut from the newspaper and sent to China

45、 Daily before the deadline. 10In the past two and a half years，our school had organized many activities.,has,was,rang,be,has,. 翻译句子,1早睡早起是一个好习惯。 2我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。 3到目前为止，不止一名学生已经被录取到这家俱乐部。 4电话铃响时我正好要上床睡觉。,To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.,When I got to the top of the mountain，the sun

46、 was shining.,More than one student has been admitted to the club so far.,I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.,. 翻译句子,5那是他第三次告诉我要注意书写。 6在过去十年里，我们的城市里盖起了许多高楼大厦。 7即使明天下雨，我们也不会改变计划。 8到现在为止，两条铁路的建筑工作已完成。,It was the third time that he had told me to pay attention to my handwriting.,In the past t

47、en years，many tall buildings have been built in our city.,We wont change our plan even if it rains tomorrow.,The construction of the two new railway lines has been completed by now.,. 语法填空,Our sense of hearing is one of the most important means of knowing what is going on around us. We 1._ (warn) of

48、 danger by sounds. The sounds of music please us. Sound has a waste product，toonoise. Scientists，for several years，have been studying how noise affects people and animals and are alarmed by what they 2._ (learn)Peace and quiet are becoming harder 3._ (find)Noise pollution is a threat that should be looked at 4._ (careful),are warned,have learned,to find,carefully,. 语法填空,The loudness of sound is measured in units 5._ (call) decibels (分贝)At a level of 140 deci