2022年雅思考试阅读模拟试题 .docx

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1、精品_精品资料_2022年雅摸索试阅读模拟试题 含答案 1 Theres a dimmerswitchinside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computermodel of our starscore.2 Robert Ehrlich of GeorgeMas

2、onUniversity in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect oftemperaturefluctuations in the suns interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the sunscoreis heldconstantby theopposingpressures ofgravityand nuclearfusion. However, Ehrlich believed thatslightvariations should be possible.3

3、 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of theKonkolyObservatoryof the HungarianAcademyof Sciences. In 2022,Grandpierre and acollaborator, G borgoston,calculatedthatmagneticfields in thesunscorecouldproducesmall instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities wouldinduce

4、localised oscillations intemperature.4 Ehrlichs model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel eachother out, somereinforceone another and becomelong-livedtemperaturevariations. The favoured frequencies allow thesunscoretemperaturetooscillatearound its average temperature of 13.6 million

5、kelvin in cycleslastingeither 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich saysthatrandominteractions within the sunsmagneticfield couldflipthe fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar withEarths ice ages: for the past million years, ic

6、e ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result ofsubtlechanges in Earths orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes theway Earths orbit gradually changes shape f

7、rom acircleto aslightellipseand back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amountof solarradiationthat Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However,a persistentproblem with this theory has been itsinabilityto explain why the ice ages changedfrequencya million years a

8、go.7 In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea whythefrequencyshould change from one to another, says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_thetransitionproblem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other cri

9、ticsclaimthat thetemperaturevariations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating producedby Milankovitch cycles are thenamplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins to form bec

10、ause of aslight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part ofthe carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens thegreenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder.9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. If you add their effects t

11、ogether, there is more than enough feedback to makeMilankovitch work, he says. The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work. This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on thecurrenttheory. Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly whenwe observethem to happen.

12、 We cancalculatewhere we are in the cycle and compare it withobservation, he says. I cant see any way of testingEhrlichs idea to see where we are in thetemperatureoscillation. 10 Ehrlich concedes this. If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, Icant think of one that is practical, he says. T

13、hats becausevariationover 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may bea way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller thanthat of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that theoscillationperiods could be short enough to be observed. He has yet toc

14、alculatethepreciseperiod or theextentof variationin brightness to be expected.11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is farfromconvinced. He describes Ehrlichs claims as utterlyimplausible. Ehrlich counters that Weisss opinion is based on the standard solar model,which fai

15、ls to take into account themagneticinstabilities that cause thetemperaturefluctuations.716 wordsQuestions 1-4Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.Write theappropriateletters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A. Attila Grandpierre可编辑

16、资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_B. G bor gostonC. Neil EdwardsD. Nigel WeissE. Robert Ehrlich1. .claims there抯 a dimmerswitchinside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.2. .calculatedthat theinternalsolarmagneticfields couldproduceinstabiliti

17、es in the solar plasma.3. .holds that Milankovitch cycles caninducechanges in solar heating onEarth and the changes areamplifiedon Earth.4. .doesnt believe in Ehrlichs viewpoints at all.Questions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage.In boxes 5-9 on y

18、our answer sheet writeTRUE if thestatementis true according to the passage FALSE if thestatementis false according to the passage NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The ice ages changedfrequencyfrom 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.6. The sole problem that the Mila

19、nkovitch theory can notsolveis to explainwhy the ice agefrequencyshouldshiftfrom one to another.7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice toeliminatethegreenhouseeffect.8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory thoughtheyhavent figured out which mechanismsam

20、plifythe changes in solar heating.9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to testwhen the solartemperatureoscillationbegins and when ends.Questions 10-14 Complete the notes below.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Choose onesuitableword from the Reading Passage above for each answer.

21、Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.The standard view assumes that theopposingpressures ofgravityand nuclear fusions hold thetemperature.10.in the suns interior, buttheslightchanges in the earths .11.alterthe temperature on the earth andcause ice ages every 100,000 years. A Britis

22、h scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that theinternalsolarmagnetic.12.caninducethetemperatureoscillations in the sun s interior. Thesunscoretemperature oscillates around its average temperaturein .13.lastingeither 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the .14. interactionswithin the suns ma

23、gnetic field couldflipthe fluctuations from one cycle lengthto the other, which explains why the ice ages changedfrequencya million years ago.Answer keys and explanations:1. ESee the sentences in paragraph 1Theres a dimmerswitchinside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales

24、 of around 100,000years exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says aphysicist who has created a computer model of our starscore. and para.2 Robert Ehrlich of GeorgeMasonUniversity in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled theeffect oftemperaturefluctuations in the suns interior.2. A BSee par

25、a.3: .i style=normalGrandpierre and acollaborator, G borgoston,calculatedthatmagneticfields in thesunscorecouldproducesmall instabilities in the solar plasma.3. CSee para.8: Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating producedby Milankovitch cycles are thenamplifiedby feedback mechanisms on

26、Earth.4. DSee para.11: Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge,is far fromconvinced. He describes Ehrlichmss acslaiutterlyimplausible.5. False可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_See para.5: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they oc

27、curred roughly every 41,000 years.6. FalseSee para.7: In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why thefrequencyshould change from one to another, . Nor isthetransitionproblem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.7. Not GivenSee para.8: if sea ice begins to form because of aslightcoolin

28、g, carbondioxide.is locked into the ice. That weakens thegreenhouseeffect. The passage doesn抰 mention anything about locking Co2 into ice artificially.8. TrueSee para.9: there is no lack of such mechanisms. If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch wo

29、rk,.The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work. This iswhy scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on thecurrenttheory.9. TrueSee the sentences in para.9 According to Edwards,卙 e says. I cant see any way of testing Ehrlichs idea to see where we are inthetemperatureoscil

30、lation. and para.10 Ehrlich concedes this. If there isa way to test this theory on the sun, I can t think of one that is practical.10. constantSee para.2: According to the standard view, thetemperatureof the sunscoreis heldconstantby theopposingpressures ofgravityand nuclearfusion.11. orbitSee para.

31、6: Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the resultof subtlechanges in Earth s orb匛it, arths orbit gradually changes shape froma circleto aslightellipseand back again roughly every 100,000 years.12. instabilitiesSee para.3: .i style=magneticfields in thesunscorecouldproducesmall instabilitie

32、s in the solar plasma. These instabilities wouldinducelocalised oscillations intemperature.13. cycles可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_See para.4: .allow the sunscoretemperaturetooscillatearound itsaverage temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles 41,000 years.14. randomlastingeither 100,000 orSee para.4: Ehrlich says thatrandominteractions within thesunsmagneticother.field couldflipthe fluctuations from one cycle length to the可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载