2022年高中英语语法精讲动词的-形式 .docx

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1、精品_精品资料_高中英语语法精讲第六章动词的-ing形式动词的 -ing 形式包括传统语法的 “动名词 ”gerund和“现在分词 ” present participle 两个部分.动词的-ing形式具有动词的特点,同时又具出名词、形容词和副词的特点,因此它可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语和状语.一、动词 -ing 形式的特点和种类与动词不定式一样,动词的-ing形式也具有动词的特点,有时态和语态的变化,并可带状语、宾语等.1. 动词 -ing 形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作,没有特殊的时间意义.Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜爱的体

2、育运动.Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要.2. 动词 -ing 形式的一般式可用来表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作.They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑的走出教室.She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking. 她倾听她邻居的讲话.3. 动词 -ing 形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作.I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.

3、我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件.He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园.动词的 -ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作,这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前.Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在这个城市生活了3 年,她对这里已很熟识.I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture. 错过了这么兴奋人心的演讲,我

4、真的很遗憾.留意：在现代英语中,作宾语的-ing 形式的完成式可用一般式来代替.I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.错过了这么兴奋人心的演讲,我真的很遗憾. =I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影.=We remembered having seen the film. 可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_动词的 -ing 形式的被动形式表示它的规律主语是

5、-ing 形式表示的动作的承担者.1. 一般式的被动形式The question being discussed is very important.正在争论的问题很重要.I cant stand being kept waiting.我不堪久候.2. 完成式的被动形式I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team. 我听说他被选为球队的教练.Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被带去看了试验室之后,我们又被带去参观校图

6、书馆.D.动词 -ing 形式的否认形式动词的 -ing 形式的否认形式是由not 加动词的 -ing 形式构成.His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.他没来使在场的每个人都很扫兴.Im sorry for not being present at the meeting in time.我很愧疚没能按时赴会.Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的的址,我只好在家里等着.Not having studied hi

7、s lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.由于没有努力学习功课,他考试不及格.二、动词的 -ing 形式的用法A 动词的 -ing 形式作主语1. 动词的 -ing 形式可直接置于句首作主语.Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见. Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很好玩.Learning about a language is easier than using it. 学习有关语言的学问比使用语言简单.Being invited to the party was a great h

8、onor to the family.被邀请参与晚会是这家人的荣耀.2. 为了保持句子平稳,通常用先行词it 作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在句末.It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them.制定方案很简单,实行它却很难.It is no use crying over spilt milk.作无益的后悔是没有用的.Its a waste of time arguing about it.争辩这事是铺张时间. 必背：动词的 -ing 形式作主语的几个常用句型.Its no good talking to him.和他谈话是

9、没有用的.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.给他打没用.他不情愿来.Its worth making an effort.努力一下是值得的.There is no saying when it will stop raining.无法肯定这场雨什么时候会停.There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑.B 动词的 -ing 形式作表语动词的 -ing 形式作表语的有两种不同的含义：1. 表示主语的内容是什么.Her jo

10、b is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持洁净.The real question is getting to know the needs of the students. 真正的问题是明白同学的需要.His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是集邮.2. 表示主语具有的特点.The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑.It was astonishing to see the animals and plants that are fo

11、und nowhere else in the world.看到了世界上其它的方找不到的动植物真是令人惊奇.The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting.宴会上的食物好像并不迷人.比较：一般说来,动词的-ing 形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作,或抽象性的动作,时间概念不强.而动词不定式表示的动作往往是详细的或一次性的动作,特殊是将来的动作.Smoking is forbidden here. 这里禁止吸烟.泛指Its not good for you to smoke so much. 吸这么多烟对你的身体不好.详细They pr

12、efer staying indoors when the weather is cold. 天冷时他们喜爱呆在室内.泛指Would you prefer to stay at home this evening今晚你想待在家里吗？详细C. 动词的 -ing 形式作宾语动词的 -ing 形式既可作及物动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语.1. 作动词的宾语能用 -ing 形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类,一类是只能用 -ing 形式作宾语, 另一类是既可用-ing 形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语.只能用 -ing 形式作宾语的动词这类动词只能用-ing 形式作宾语,不能用不定式作宾语.Fancy meet

13、ing you here. 想不到在这儿见到你了.I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议用另一种方法做这件事.They didnt mind being treated like guests.他们不在乎被人当作来宾对待.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_They admitted smoking/having smoked in the hall.他们承认在大厅里抽过烟.I regret saying/having said what I said. 我很后悔自己说过的话.He couldnt help laughing. 他情不自禁

14、的笑了起来.I cant imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you.我不能想像这个男孩对你说话这么没礼貌.必背：只接动词的 -ing 形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有admit 承认appreciate 感谢avoid 防止consider 考虑delay 耽搁dislike 嫌恶enjoy 喜爱escape 防止excuse 原谅fancy 想不到feel like 意欲finish 完成forgive 原谅give up 舍弃cannot help 情不自禁imagine 设想 include 包括keep 保持mention 提及mind 介意mi

15、ss 逃过put off 推迟practice 练习resist 抗击risk 冒险既可用动词 -ing 形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_这类动词虽然既能用-ing 形式作宾语,也能用不定式作宾语,但用法并不相同,主要有以下几种情形：a. 有些动词,如 attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等,后面接动词的 -ing 形式或不定式区分不是很大.They prefer spendingto spend their summer vacation in Dalian. 他们更喜爱在大连度暑

16、假.I intend to buybuying an English-Chinese dictionary. 我想买一本英汉词典.提示：应尽量防止接连显现两个动词-ing 形式.I am starting to learn Russian.我开头学俄语.防止说： I am starting learnin g Russian.我开头学俄语.b. need, require, want 作“需要 ”解时, 后面接 -ing 形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式,意义上并无差异,但用 -ing 形式比较一般.Your composition needs correctingto be correcte

17、d.你的作文需要修改.His coat wants cleaningto be cleaned.他的外套需要洗了.Theold woman requires looking after carefullyto be looked after carefully. 这个老大娘需要细心的照管.2. 作介词宾语动词的 -ing 形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关.常见的几种搭配形式有：动词 +介词 + -ing 形式Jason aims at becoming an astronaut.詹森立志要当宇航员.I dream of being the best footballer in the sc

18、hool. 我理想成为全校最好的足球队员.比较：keep doing 连续或保持做某事.强调动作的连续性News lf successes keeps pouring in.捷报频传.Keep on doing 连续或反复做某事.强调动作的反复性We will keep on trying and if we get anything done. We will notify you.我们将连续努力.有结果将通知你.Keep sb doing 使某人始终做某事表示被迫进行的动作Ill try not to keep you waiting.我尽量不让你久等.Keep sb from doing

19、 阻挡某人做某事 prevent/stop sb from doing The stone walls keep the farmers cows from joining his neighbors cows. 石头墙使农夫家的牛不会混入邻居的牛群中去.动词 +名词 +介词+ -ing 形式Please excuse me for being late.对不起,我迟到了.What prevented you from joining us last night昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我们在一起可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Sandy wasted no time in ge

20、tting to know the bosss daughter. 桑迪很快就开头就和老板的女儿套近乎了.名词 +介词 + -ing 形式We like his way of teaching English.我们喜爱他教英语的方式.He has little hope of passing the examination. 他几乎没有什么期望通过考试.I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners.我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难.形容词 +介词+ -ing 形式Im tired of having the same food ev

21、ery day. 每天吃同样的东西我感到腻烦了.Peter is angry about not being invited to the party. 没有被邀请出席聚会,彼得很愤怒.Whos responsible for organizing this conference是谁负责组织这次大会？ what/how about + -ing 形式What about going for a walk去漫步好不好？How about playing a game of chess now现在来下盘棋好吗介词 to +动词 -ing 形式to 既可以是介词, 也可以是不定式符号,在使用中比较简

22、单混淆.假设是不定式符号,to后接动词原形.假设是介词,to 后需接 -ing 形式.You must get used to washing your face with cold water.你必需习惯用冷水洗脸.John has admitted to breaking the window. 约翰已承认了打碎窗子.Im looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我希望今年暑假见到你.He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.他为全人类的利益献出了自己的一生.Howe

23、ver, others strongly object to developing private cars.然而 ,另有一些人剧烈反对进展私人小汽车.He is equal to doing this task. 他能胜任这项任务.The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died.他妻子死后不久,这人就开头嗜酒.Isnt it time you got down to marking those papers莫非仍没到你安下心来阅卷的时D. 动词的 -ing 形式作宾语补足语1. 动词的 -ing 形式可以在 see, hear, no

24、tice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语,和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语.We heard the children shouting upstairs.我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊.I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.我下车的时候留意到一个男人从银行里跑出来.I felt my heart beating violently.我觉得我的心在猛烈的跳动.2. 动词的 -ing 形式和不定式

25、作宾语补语的区分可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_在 see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等感官动词后, 既可用动词的 -ing 形式构成复合宾语,也可用不定式构成复 合宾语,两者之间有肯定的区分.用动词的-ing 形式时,表示动作正在进行.用不定式时,表示动作发生了,即动作的全过程终止了.He saw a girl getting on the car. 他观察一个女孩在上汽车.She was getting on the car.He saw a girl get on the car and drive off.他观察一个女孩上车开走了.She g

26、ot on the car and drove off.Do you hear someone knocking at the door你听见有人在敲门吗？Someone is knocking at the door.Do you hear someone knock at the door 你听见有人敲门了吗？Someone knocked at the door just now.提示：假如宾语补足语是一系列的动作,通常只能用不定式来表示,不用动词的-ing 形式.I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette.我观察他走

27、进房间,坐了下来,点燃了一根香烟.3. 动词的 -ing 形式也可用在 have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示 “致使 ”的动词后作宾语补足语.They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们不应当不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么.I wont have you running about in the room.我不答应你在房间里跑来跑去.We kept the fire burning all night long.我们使火整夜燃烧着.E. 动词的 -ing 形式作定语1. 单个的动词

28、的 -ing 形式可以作前置定语,一般有两种含义.说明被修饰名词的用途和性能.a reading room= a room which is used for reading阅览室running shoes= shoes for running 跑鞋a working method = a method of working工作方法必背：a sewing machine缝纫机a swimming pool游泳池a drawing board画板 a dining car餐车a driving permit驾驶许可证可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_a walking stick手

29、杖a singing competition歌咏竞赛a waiting room候车室表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示常常性动作或当时的状态.developing countries = countries that are developing进展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很一般的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题The working people ar

30、e masters of our country. 劳动人民是我们国家的主人.Let sleeping dogs lie. 不要惹麻烦.必背：a disappointing play 令人扫兴的戏剧an astonishing adventure 惊人的冒险boiling water正在沸腾的水 a sleeping baby熟睡的婴儿a barking dog狂吠的狗the setting sun落日the coming week下一周failing sight逐步衰退的视力2. 作定语的 -ing 形式如是一个短语,就应放在被修饰词的后面.The bottle containing vin

31、egar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到试验室去.They lived in a house facing south.他们住在一所朝南的房子里.The book being discussed a lot will be published next month.人们谈论很多的那本书下一个月将出版.3. 有些情形下,动词的-ing 形式不能 用来作定语,必需使用定语从句.作定语的 -ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生,如两者不能同时发生的话,就需使用定语从句.【误】 The professor coming here ye

32、sterday will give us a lecture.【正】 The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座. -ing 形式的完成式一般只用来作状语,不作定语.【误】 The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_【正】 The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake wi

33、ll be rebuilt soon. 被的震毁坏的庙宇很快就要修建了.间吗？F. 动词的 -ing 形式作状语动词的 -ing形式可以作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示时间、缘由、结果、条件、让步、 行为方式或相伴情形等.-ing 形式作时间、缘由、条件、让步状语时多位于句首.作结果、相伴情形状语常常位于句末.1. 表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句.Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画, 她想起了自己的童年. = When she saw those pictures.Having made full preparat

34、ions, we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分预备,现在可以应考了. = After we have made full preparation. 2. 表示缘由,相当于一个缘由状语从句.Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him.由于不知道他的的址,我不能把这本书送给他. = As I dont know his address. Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.由于生病, 他昨天没有上学. = Since he was il

35、l. 3. 表示结果,相当于一个并列谓语.His father died, leaving him a lot of money.他父亲死了, 留给他很多钱.= . and left him a lot of money She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.她特别愤怒,把玩具扔在的上,摔成了碎片.= . and broke it intopieces.4. 表示条件,相当于一个条件状语从句.Going straight down the road, you will fin

36、d the department store.顺着这条路始终走,你就会发觉那家百货商店.= If you go straight down the road. Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.假如你努力学习,就肯定能胜利.= If you work hard at your lessons. 5. 表示让步,相当于一个让步状语从句.Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情形, 他们仍是要我赔偿缺失. = Although they knew all thi

37、s.Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.他虽然努力的干,但仍旧挣不够买车的钱.= Though he worked hard as he did. 6. 表示行为方式、相伴情形或补充说明,相当于一个并列结构.He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.他躺在草的上,长时间的望着天空.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_= .and stared at the sky for a long time

38、 She came into the house, carrying a lot of books. 她捧着很多书走进了房间.= .and carried a lot of books 三、动词的 -ing 形式的规律主语A 作主语的 -ing 形式-ing 形式作主语时,其规律主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的.Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的.Reading aloud 的规律主语是泛指任何人,因而无需表达出来提示：假如作主语的 -ing形式需要自己的规律主语时,一般用物主代词或名词全部格即名词后加 s.His fathers falling ill

39、worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很焦急.his father 是 falling ill的规律主语Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement to us.你来和我们一道工作, 对我们是很大的激励. you 是 coming to work with us的规律主语B. 作表语的 -ing 形式-ing 形式作表语时, 其规律主语往往是句子中的主语,但作表语的 -ing 形式也可带有自己的规律主语.What worries me most is Julias staying too late every

40、 night.我担忧的是她每天晚上熬夜熬得太迟. staying too late every night 的规律主语是 JuliaThe main problem is your not having practiced a lot.主要的问题是你缺乏大量的练习.not having practiced a lot 的规律主语是 youC. 作定语的 -ing 形式-ing 形式作定语时,其规律主语就是它修饰的名词.an interesting book 一本有意思的书 = a book that interests its readers a running stream 一条奔流的小溪=

41、 a stream that is running假如 -ing 形式的规律主语是动作的承担者,就要用-ing 形式的被动式.要.规律主语the meeting 和 “举办 ”之间的关系是被动的,所以用being heldD. 作宾语的 -ing 形式-ing 形式作宾语时, 其规律主语常是句子中的主语.如要明确动作的执行者, 也可以在 -ing形式前加上名词或代词表示规律主语.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_I cant imagine Johns giving a speech in front of so many people.我不能想像约翰会在这么多人前面发言. Jo

42、hn 是 giving a speech 的规律主语 He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.他被某人的敲门声吵醒了.someone是 knocking at the door 的规律主语 The boss understood him/his wanting to leave. 老板明白他为什么要离职. “他”是 wanting to leave 规律主语比较：He insisted on doing it himself. 他坚持要自己做. doing it 的规律主语是句子的主语“他”He insisted on my doing

43、it. 他坚持要我做. doing it 的规律主语是 “我”Would you mind opening the window请你把窗子打开好吗？ opening the window的规律主语是 “你”Would you mind my opening the window你介意我把窗子打开吗？opening the window的规律主语是 “我”E. 作宾语补足语的 -ing 形式动词 -ing 形式作规律主语时,它的规律主语就是它前面的宾语.常常听见她唱这首歌.singing this song 的规律主语是 “她”We often hear this song being sung

44、. 我们常常听见这首歌被人唱.规律主语“ this song和 ” 宾语补足语 “唱”的关系是被动,所以用-ing 形式的被动式或 -ed 分词 .F. 作状语的动词 -ing 形式1. 动词的 -ing 形式作状语时,其规律主语一般应与句子的主语保持一样.Enter ing the classroom, I found nobody in it. 走进教室,我发觉里面没人.entering 的规律主语是 I,相当于 when I entered the classroom, I found nobody in it.如 -ing 形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承担的,那就是误用. 这种无依

45、着的 -ing 形式, 语法上称之为 “垂悬分词 ”.【误】 Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.looking outthrough the window 的规律主语是 the garden,明显不对【正】 Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.从窗户看出去,我们观察一个美丽的花园.【误】 Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking. 规律主语是 dog,它不会看晚报【正】 I

46、 was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 我看着晚报的时候, 一只狗开头叫起来.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2. 如不能和句子中的主语保持一样,该-ing 形式必需有自己的规律主语,通常出名词或代词来担任.The last bushaving gone, we had to walk home.末班车已经开走了,我们不得不走回家.having gone 的规律主语是 the last bus,而不是 weTime permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.天气答应的话,足球赛将在周五举办. permitting 的规律主语是 time,而不是 the football match 留意：高中阶段有一些固定的-ing 形式短语,如 generally sp