2022年简明高考英语语法知识总结.docx

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1、精品_精品资料_语法学问1 句子结构1.句子结构：主 +谓+宾 /主+谓 /谓+宾一个句子中 只能有一个谓语 .假如一个句子含有 两个及以上谓语 确定就是 错的句子, 自己写作时需谨记.阅读时,分析难句可从谓语入手,由于它只有一个,好找.从句也是句子, 所以可包含谓语,但它是属于从句的谓语,与主句不同谓语不同,也就是说主句中的谓语仍是仅有一个.2.主语的引导词不能省,宾语的可以省.2 非谓语动词包括 不定式、动名词、分词 现在分词和过去分词 和独立主格 .非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语 外, 可以承担句子的 其他成分 .1 不定式1) 一般式.同时发生或将要发生.He seems to know

2、 this .（同时） I hope to see you again.（将要）2) 完成式.已经发生.Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. （发生在 sorry 之前）He seems to have caught a cold.（发生在 seems之前）3) 进行式.正在进行.He seems to be eating something.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_4) 完成进行式.已经发生且始终进行He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.1.1 不定式做表语表

3、将来,用于 命令、要求 等.You are always to knock before you enter my room.2 动名词动名词格式：动词原形+ing 动名词和现在分词区分： 1）现在分词作定语、表语、状语.起形容词、副词作用.有时也用在复合结构中.不能做主语,一看到是主语成分,必定是动名词.一般可翻译成“的”的意思.2）动名词作主语、宾语、表语.起名词作用.单独用或动名词短语.表示抽象的一般行为.3 分词包括现在分词和过去分词.现在分词：动词原形+ing .过去分词：动词原形+ed.现在分词表主动 ,过去分词表 被动 .详细方式参见上文动名词中的“动名词和现在分词区分 ”.过去

4、分词和过去式区分：过去分词充当副词、形容词,是非谓语.过去式充当动词,是谓语.过去分词： Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention,the plants could grow better.过去式： The new worlds Freud explored were inside man himself.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_4 独立主格Yet, the case Schwartz makes for a correlation between o

5、ur emotional state and what he calls the“ tyranny of choice” is compelling, the implication dist.urbing分析： 1）后置定语. 2）独立主格结构翻译： Schwartz 用事例说明感情状态和他所说的“残酷的挑选 ”之间的相关性, 然而这个事例是令人震动的,其含义是令人烦扰的.3名词 /代词 与后面的词是主谓关系4 疑问句分为：一般、特别、挑选和反意疑问句.1 一般疑问句“你是 吗.” ,你“做 了吗 .”.一、把 be 动词、情态动词、助动词do 调到句首.陈述句 :They are in t

6、he swimming pool.一般疑问句 :Are they in the swimming pool.陈述句 :He can drive a car.一般疑问句 : Can he drive a car.一般动词 的一般疑问句 ,也要 借助助动词 do/does,第三人称单数用 does,其余人称用do.其句型为 :Do/Does +主语 + 动词原形 +其它.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_陈述句 :Tommy has a computer.一般疑问句 :Dose Tommy have a computer.陈述句 :Amy speaks English.一般疑问句 :

7、Does Amy speak English.2 特别疑问句以特别疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问 的句子叫 特别 疑问句.常用的疑问词有：（代词） what 、who 、 whose 、which、（副词） when 、where 、how、why 等.有以下两种格式：1）疑问词作主语或主语的定语.语序是陈述句. Who is singing in the room whose bike is broken 2）其他成分. 语序是： 特别疑问词 +一般疑问句【 be/助动词 / 情态动词 +主语+谓语（ +其他）】 What class are you in What does she loo

8、k like 3 挑选疑问句以一般疑问句为基础,增加多个可选的答案.Would you like a gin , or a whisky , or a beer.4 反意疑问句它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证明.有两种格式.1）陈述部分确定句 +疑问部分否定句（可记为前肯后否）.例： They work hard, dont they.Lets go to the supermarket ,shall we.2）陈述部分否定句 +疑问部分确定句（可记为前否后肯）.例： You didnt go, did you.5 虚拟语气英语中有三种不同的语气：陈述语气, 祈使语气和 虚拟 语气.虚

9、拟语气表示动作或状态与事实相反 ,表可能或不行能 发生的情形.1 条件句中的虚拟语气1. 条件句 中虚拟语气的形式时间从句谓语形式主句谓语形式将来动词过去式 be 用 were可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形would / should / might / could +动词原形可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_现在动词过去式 be 用 werewould / should / might / could +动词原形过去had +动词过去分词would / should / might / couldhave

10、+ 动词 过去分词举例：(1) 将来.如：If he should go to Qing Hua University, hewould make full use of his time.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.(2) 现在.如：If he were free, he would help us.If he studied at this school, he would know you well.(3) 过去.如：If I had got there earlie

11、r, I would have met Mr. Li.须留意问题：(1) 主从句动作 不同时发生 .从句与过去相反,主句与现在或将来相反.如：If I had worked hard at school, Iwould be an engineer, too.从句与现在相反,主句与过去相反.如：If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.(2) 当虚拟 条件句的谓语含有were, should, had 时,if 可省略 ,而将 were, should, had 等词置于 句首.如：原句： if she were here

12、, she would agree with us.省略句： Were she here, shewould agree with us.(3) 须通过 上下文 来判定.如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. But for his help, wewould be working now.(4) 主从句可以 省略其中的一个 ,来表示说话人的剧烈感情 . 省略从句. He would have finished it. 省略主句. If I were at home now.2. 目的状语从句虚拟语气(1) 在 for fear

13、that, in case, lest引导的 目的状语 从句中, 如用虚拟语气时, 从句谓语为：should + 动词原形.并且should不能省略.She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.(2) 在 so that, in order that所引导的 目的状语 从句中,从句中的谓语为： can / may / could/ might / will / would / should +动词原形.如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear hi

14、m clearer.3. 让步状语从句虚拟语气(1) 在 even if, even though所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句的结构与 if所引导的条件从句结构相同.如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do.(2) 在 whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter what等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形 指现在或将来 .如：We will finish it on ti

15、me no matter what / whatevermay happen. may +完成式 指过去 ,主句结构不限.如：You mustn t be proud whatever / no matter what greatropgress you may have made.3 在 though, although 等引导的让步状语从句中,形, 主句结构不限 .如：Although / Though heshould often be late, he is a good student.从句虚拟语气结构为should +动词原可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_4. 缘由

16、状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气.其虚拟语气的结构为： should +动词原形 指现在或将来 .如： He was angry that you should call him by name. should +完成式 , 指过去 .如：I m very sorry that youshould have failed the exam.5. 表语从句及同位语

17、从句中虚拟语气含有恳求、命令、建议等名词 advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal,recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 时,在表语从句或同位语从句中,须用虚拟语气.结构为： should + 动词原形.如：We followed his advice that weshould ask our teacher for help. He told us his idea that he should go to university

18、.6 倒装和省略表强调.包括部分倒装和完全倒装.完全倒装,即全部谓语置于主语前.部分倒装,即部分帮助词谓语 置于主语前.例：1. 完全倒装1. There was a drop in the temperature.原句： temperature was drop.2. Out rushed a young lady.原句： A young lady out rushed.3. There is no universally accepted definition of what a developing country is; neither is there one of what con

19、stitutes the process of economic development. one：指代 universally accepted definition ,普遍接受的定义4. In the human species individualsare equipped with fewer instincts than is the case in many nonhuman species.the case:指代 individuals are equipped with instincts ,个体装载着本能.5. A make better B than do Cdo C：倒转

20、,正常为：C make B,其中 do 为省略指代 make B6. Withmarriage come instructionand admonition,appropriate tothe occasion, fromelder relatives and, int more advanced cultures, from priests.主语： instruction and admonition.指导和忠告谓语： come宾语： with marriage.用倒装,是为了强调with marriage.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_appropriate：形容词当状语

21、12）from elder relatives and, int more advanced cultures ：插入语 ,from priests.2. 部分倒装Only in this way can you solve this problem. 原句： In this way you can solve this problem. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 原句： After I got home it began to rain sooner.3. 省略1. Cancer is said to be maligna

22、nt because of its tendency to cause death if not treated.省略： if it is not treated.12 定语从句A Boston police officer who was shot in the face by a man during a traffic stop was improvingafter hours of surgery during which a bullet was removed from his neck, officials said on Sunday. during 修饰 hourswhich

23、 修饰 surgery11 As 用法可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_4） Yet, tempting as it is to blow the Buffet billions on bolstering these programs, research also has a claim on the pot.解析：5） Nermeroff found that people draw the germs of their lovers as less scary-looking than those of enemies, and they say those germs w

24、ould make them less ill.解析：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_7） not so much . as .与其说,不如说=不是,而是例 1： The distinction between A and B is not so much C as D. A 与 B 的差别与其说是 C,不如说是 D .12 主谓一样主语单数、复数,谓语也要对应的单数、复数形式.1） 常规型She is beautiful.They are workers.2） 两个并列主语,谓语要用复数：He and She are going inside.但是,假如并列的主语表示一个整体

25、概念时,谓语就用单数：Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.Bread and butter：表示一个整体概念,抹上奶油的面包.3） 介词连接主语with ：谓语与前一个一样He with they is going inside.either.or., neither.nor ：谓语与后一个一样Either he or They are going inside.as well as：谓语与前一个一样He as well as They is good person. 他和他们一样都是好人.4） 集体名词集体名词表示一个集体时,谓语用单数.

26、集体名词表示每个个体时,谓语用复数Police is a honor career.警察是一个光荣的职业.The police are searching for two bandits.警察正在搜查两个匪徒.5） 表示 “时间 ”、“金钱”、“距离 ”的名词复数做主语表示 “时间 ”、“金钱 ”、 “距离 ”的名词复数做主语,谓语用单数Five minutes is enough.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_15 杂项1 情态动词、助动词情态动词、助动词+ V 原形.1）情态动词can could 、may might 、 mustmust 、need、daredared

27、、willwould 、shallshould 、haveto、had better.2）助动词（ 1） be 类助动词： am, is, was,are, were, be,been, being.（ 2） have 类助动词： have, has, had, having .（ 3） will 类助动词： will , would , shall, should.（ 4） do 类助动词： do,does, did .2 have been /has been1) have been 与表示职业的 名词连用 ,用来询问或说明某人所从事的职业 .例如：Have you ever been a

28、 teacher .你曾经当过老师吗？2) have been 后接 形容词 ,表示某种行为或状态.此时和表示时间的短语how long,for或 since 等连用时,就表示这种状态连续的时间.例如：The shop has been open.这家商店营业了.How long has this factory been open .这家工厂开工多久了？ We have been slow to develop the science进展这一学科,我们始终是缓慢的.3）have been 可以和表示 的点的介词 短语连用, 可以表示相当于汉语中的“去过 ”、“来”、“到”、 “在”等不同动词

29、的意思.和how long , for ,since等表示时间的短语连用后,表示这种 状态的连续时间.例如：Have you been to Beijing .你去过北京吗？ 不在北京问）4) have been 可以与 away , back, in, on, out, over 等小品词连用, 相当于一个表示动作动词的现在完成时的用法,表示某种状态 .Tom has been away for a week.汤姆离开（一周）了.5) have been 后接动词的 现在分词 ,为现在完成进行时He has been working in that factory for five year

30、s.他在这工厂工作五年了. （现在是否仍在该工厂工作,视上下文而定.）6) have been +及物动词的过去分词,为现在完成时被动语态 的形式,表示一个已完成的被动动作.例如：The moon has been visited by human being already.月亮已经被人类拜访过了.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3 could和 can 的区分1、 can 表示现在的才能, could 表示过去的才能, 例如： He can speak a little English now.She could play the piano when she was fi

31、ve.2、在表示恳求许可时,没有时间区分, 在语气上 could 更加委婉客气, can 的可能性更大, 例如：Can I use your pen .Could I have a look at your book .4 同位语 和定语 区分同位语 从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word, thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有肯定内涵的名词 .而定语从句的 先行词 可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整个主句 .定语从句 是从句对其先行词的 修饰或限制

32、,属于形容词性 从句的范畴 ; 而同位语从句是从句对前面 抽象名词 的进一步的说明和说明, 与先行词同义 ,属于 名词性 从句的范畴.有些引导词如how, whether, what 可以引导 同位语 从句,但不能引导 定语 从句.例：The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody同位语从句.（ that 只起连接作用）The fact that /which we talked about is very important定语从句. （ that 在从句中作 about 的宾语 ）5 which 与 that 区

33、分1. Along with the letter was his promisehe would visit me this coming Christmas.A. which B. thatC. what D. whether答案： B2. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street atI thought was a dangerous speed.A. as B. which C. what D. that答案： B3. Luckily,wed brought a road map withoutwe would ha

34、ve lost our way.A. it B. thatC. this D. which答案： D6 并列句并列连词： and, or, but , so .可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_通用结构： A, B, and C 或者 A, B and C极少数结构： A, B中间不用连词.7 引述他人说话He said“ I am fine.”.He said,“ I am fine.”“ I am fine.” , He said.8 日期表示突尼斯时间 2022 年 3 月 18 日星期三,在突尼斯首都发生爆炸案.There was a bomb attack in Tun

35、isias capital , Wednesday, March 18, 2022 in Tunis.英语日期格式：1） 月日 ,年2） 星期,月日 ,年小的方,大的方,星期,月日,年：in Lausanne, Switzerland, Thursday, March 19 , 2022.9. 名词复数一般加 s,es,少数的自身单词发生变化：man-men, foot-feet抽象名词,复数为本身,只有转为详细对象时才要加s 或 es16 难句解析1可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1The presidentdecsision a year ago to allow rese

36、arch on already existing stem cell lines was可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_portrayed as a reasonable compromisebetween scientistneesds forcells to workwith,andconcerns that this kindof research could lead to wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos, cloned infants and a general contempt for huma

37、n life.解析： The presidentdescision 【a year ago to allow research on already existing stem celllines】 was portrayed 【as a reasonable compromise between 1 scientist s nefoerdscells , and 2concerns that this kind of research could lead to 1wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos, cloned infa

38、nts and 2a general contempt for human life. 】主干句：总统的打算被描述为一个合理的折衷.绽开：一方面科学家需要利用细胞进行讨论,另一方面这种讨论又会导致大批量的人类胚胎、克隆婴儿被随便制造和毁灭,甚至进展成为对人类生命的普遍藐视.基于以上两方面的折衷考虑,总统于一年前做了打算,答应已经存在的干细胞系的讨论.语法详析：a year ago：时间状语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_to allow research ：介词短语,充当decision 的定语on already existing stem cell lines ：介词短语,

39、充当research 的定语was portrayed： 谓语as a reasonablecompromise： as 引导的介词短语,充当状语between, and：并列结构for cells ： 复合介词短语,充当needs 同位语thatthis kind of research. ：充当 concerns 同位语this kind of research could lead ：为虚拟语气的主句1wholesale creation and destruction of human embryos, cloned infants and2 a general contempt fo

40、r human life. ：为复合并列句. 最外层 wholesale. 与 a general.并列.creation 与 destruction并列. human embryos 与 cloned infants 并列, human embryos 与 cloned infants 的并列,中间没有连词,是一种不常见的并列写法.2.Neither of the two healthcare workers brought back Wednesday has tested positive for Ebola, but they are being monitored 【because

41、they might have been exposed to a colleague who has contracted it .】3.Any invitation is a matter for 1congressional leaders and 2Abe that cuts a controversial figure, given what critics see as his attempts to water down past statements about the behavior of Japans Imperial Army in World War Two.cuts

42、 a controversial figure: 形成有争议的形象. cut：削减成given what critics see as ：让评论家们看到 .4.Byrd lived just 200 yards from the spot in a wooded area off a dirt road that ran behind his house.5.递进动作并列The shots struck White in the chest, face and thigh, grazed a bystanders arm, and hit the third TSA agent in the

43、arm, Normand said.hit解析： The shots 1） struck White in the chest, face and thigh, 2） grazed a bystanders arm, and 3）the third TSA agent in the arm, Normand said.6.Police are investigating allegations Kappa Delta Rho fraternity members used two secret Facebook pages to post photos of nude females, som

44、e of whom appeared to be sleeping or passed可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_out, as well as posts relating to hazing or drug deals.解析：Police are investigatingallegations KappaDelta Rho fraternitymembers （ used two secret Facebook pages to post 1） photos of nude females, some of whom appeared to be sleeping or2）passed out, as well asposts relating to hazing or drug deals ） 7.Yemens embattled president fled his palace in Aden for an undisclosed location Wednesday as Shiite rebels offered cash bounty for his capture and arrested his defense minister.解析：Yemens embattled president fled his palace in Aden f