2022年非谓语动词 2.docx

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1、精品_精品资料_非谓语动词动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词一、概念一个简洁句只能有一个动词做谓语,这个动词叫谓语动词.在这个简洁句中,其他没有做谓语的动词,不管有多少个,都不能做谓语,这些动词就叫非谓语动词.这是英语语法极其重要的一个原就.谓语动词要以谓语动词形式表达出来, 非谓语动词要以非谓语动词的形式表达出来.非谓语动词包括： 动词不定式 -to do动名词 -doing 现在分词 -doing 过去分词 -done非谓语动词,顾名思义,就是不是做谓语的动词.非谓语动词除了不做谓语,可以做主语、宾语、定语、状语和表语等各种其他句子成分.要把握非谓语动词的用法,就是要把握不同非谓语动词

2、在各个句子成分的不同含义和用法.二、非谓语动词的用法区分从含义上大略可以区分：过去分词 -done 一般表示被动、完成的意思,所以从主动和被动方面先可以把过去分词和动词不定式、现在分词、动名词区分开来.动词不定式一般表示目的、仍未发生的动作.现在分词一般表示正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生的动作.动名词具出名词的特性,在句中一般做主语、宾语、表语.所以,就区分 to do 与 doing 的区分就可以了.1、to do与 doing 动名词的区分主要是在做主语、表语和宾语时的区分1做主语和表语的区分可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_一般来说, 在表示比较抽象的一般行为或者常常性行为时

3、多用动名词.在表示详细的某次动作,特殊是将来发生的动作,多作不定式.做主语:Smoking is prohibited here.此的禁止抽烟.To invite him to tomorrow party is necessary.邀请他参与明天的聚会是必要的.做表语：My job is teaching English .我的工作是教英语.Our task now is to increase food production.我们现在的任务是增加粮食产量.表语是以下一些词,一般用动名词做真正主语：It is+no use/no gooduseless/senseless fun/enjoy

4、able/tiring nice/expensive/dangerous+doing动名词a bore/a wasteof time/agood pleasure留意： it 是形式主语,动名词是真正主语.I t s no use talking like that.It s a waste of time arguing with him.这种句型,表语是其他词,用不定式做真正主语.It s necessary to do the work.2 做宾语时的区分1谓语动词是以下这些动词时,非谓语动词做宾语,必需用动名词doing: acknowledge 承认,自认 cease停止 menti

5、on说到,讲到admit 承认 tolerate 忍耐 dislike 不宠爱,厌恶advocate ：提倡,主见 complete 完成 dread 可怕appreciate 感谢,观赏 confess 坦白 endure 忍耐可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_avoid 防止 contemplate细想 enjoy享有,宠爱bear 忍耐 defer拖延 envy 嫉妒cant help不禁 delay推迟 escape 逃跑,躲避cant stand受不了 deny 否认 excuse 借口consider考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy理想,爱好favor造成,偏爱 m

6、ind介意 repent悔悟figure描画,运算 miss错过 resent怨恨finish完成,终止不得 pardon 原谅,宽恕 resist抗击,阻挡forgive原谅 permit答应 resume 复原imagine 设想 postpone推迟,延期 risk冒险involve卷入,包含 practise实行,实践 suggest建议hate 厌恶 prevent阻挡 save 营救,储蓄keep 保持 quit舍弃停止 stand坚持,忍耐loathe特别厌恶,厌恶 recall回想例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity

7、 to study abroad two years ago.我很感谢两年前给我出国学习的时机.She suggested going to the great wall for the spring outing.她建议我春游去长城.其他的动词做谓语时,后都用动词不定式做宾语.2以下句子形式的宾语补足语是no use/no good useless/senseless fun/enjoyable/tiring可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_nice/expensive/dangerousa bore/a waste of time/a good pleasure非谓语做宾语用

8、动名词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_主语+think/consider/find/feel like+it形式宾语 no use/no good useless/senselessfun/enjoyable/tiringnice/expensive/dangero usa bore/awaste of time/a good pleasure+doing动名词做真正宾语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_例：I found it useless/nouse arguing about it.我发觉争辩此事没有用.3有些动词词组带介词 to, 要跟不定式符号 to

9、区分开来,由于介词后假如是非谓语动词做宾语,要用动名词.这类动词词组有：get down to开头 , look forwardto 希望, get/beused to 习惯于 ,prefer to 宁愿干.而不愿干. ,devote to 把.贡献于. ,admit to承认 , be equal to等同于 ,object to反对 ,stick to坚持 , take to开头 , see to 留意 ,lead to 导致 , pay attentionto 留意 ,be accustomed to 习惯于例：I am accustomed to swimming in the win

10、ter.我习惯冬泳.4下面一些句子结构中介词 in 常省略：have trouble/difficulty/a problem/a struggle/a good time/a hard time+in+doingspend+时间/ 钱+in +doing be busy in+doinglose no time+in+doing例：They are busy in preparing for the exam.他们忙于预备考试.5有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差异可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1forget to do遗忘要去做某事此事未做forget doing

11、遗忘做过某事此事已做过或已发生2stop to do停止、中断某件事,目的是去做另一件事stop doing停止正在或常常做的事3remember to do记住去做某事未做remember doing 记得做过某事 已做4 regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5try to do努力、妄想做某事try doing试验、试一试某种方法6 mean to do准备,有意要mean doing 意味着7go on to do继而去做另外一件事情go on doing连续原先没有做完的事情8propose to do准备要做某事proposing doi

12、ng建议做某事9 like /love/hate/ prefer +to do表示详细行为. +doing sth表示抽象、倾向概念例：Don t you remember seeing the man before.你不记得以前见过那个人吗 . You must remember to leave tomorrow你可要记着是明天动身.I don t regret telling her what I thought我不后悔给她讲过我的想法. 已讲过I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice我很遗憾必需这样去做,我实在没方法. 未做但要做

13、 You must try to be more careful你可要多加当心.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Let s try doing the work some other way让我们试一试用另外一种方法来做这工作.I didn t mean to hurt your feeling我没想要损害你的感情.This illness will meanyourgoing to hospital得了这种病 你 就要进医院.注 假如这些动词前有 should 一词,其后宾语只跟不定式, 不能跟动名词. 例如： I should like to see him tomorro

14、w6) need, want, deserve 值得,需要 ,require +动名词主动形式可表被动意义. +不定式需用被动形式表被动意义.The watch needs repairing.The watch needs to be repaired.7) 在 allow 充许,advise 建议,permit 同意,recommend举荐,consider考虑,forbid禁止等动词后,直接加非谓语做宾语用动名词.后假设跟名词或代词做宾语时,非谓语做宾补时用不定式. 例：We dont allow smoking here.We arent allowed to smok here.8)

15、 be worth后,不管主动被动都用 doing, 不用被动形式. be worthy后,假设表被动,可用 to be done/of being done;The film was worth seeing.那部电影值得看.The film was worthy to be seen/of being seen.那部电影值得看.2、to do与 doing 现在分词的区分主要是在做定语、状语和表语时的区分to do表示仍未发生,表目的doing 现在分词 表示正在发生或表示与谓语动词同时发生例： a sleeping child正在睡的小孩a child to sleep要去睡的小孩可编辑

16、资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_三、动词不定式的用法不定式由“ to 动词原形”构成,其否认形式是“ not to do ”.不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语. 不定式没有人称和数的变化, 有时态和语态的变化.不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语.不定式复合结构为“介词sb.sth. to do ”,其中“介词 sb.sth. ”说明不定式动作的发出者, 为规律主语.1. 不定式的用法：(1) 作主语.不定式短语作主语时,为了使句子结构平稳,常将不定式短语放在谓语之后,而用 it作形式主语.It is our duty to give as much help as poss

17、ible.供应尽可能多的帮忙是我们的职责.但不定式作表语时,前面有不定式作主语,不定式不行位于句末.To see is to believe.眼见为实.(2) 作宾语.常见的只跟不定式作宾语的动词 组 有 want, wish, hope, expect,would likelove,care,choose, learn,plan,prepare,mean, agree, promise, offer, refuse, ask, beg, decide, make up ones mind, be determined, manage, try, cant afford, fail, pret

18、end等. He promised to come today, but he hasn t turned up yet .他许诺说今日来,但他到现在仍没有显现. No one likes to be laughed at.没人宠爱被嘲笑.有形容词、分词、名词作宾补,不定式作宾语时要将不定式放于句末, 用 it来作形式宾语.如：You may find it necessary to finish the work ahead of time.你会发觉有必要提前完成工作.(3) 作宾语补足语.常见的跟不定式作宾补的动词有ask, order,advise, like,want, teach,f

19、orce,forbid,beg, allow,expect,cause, invite,tell, know, call on, depend on, wait for等.The children asked their parents to take them to the park.孩子们要求父母带他们去公园.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_感官动词后,如 see,watch, look at,observe, notice,hear,listen to, feel及部分表示“使”、“让”的使役动词,如have, make, let跟不定式作宾补时要省略不定式符号 to .

20、但在被动语态中 to要加上.Though he had oftenmadehissistercry,today he was madeto cry by his sister.尽管他总是弄哭他妹妹,今日却被妹妹弄哭了.help 后的不定式作宾补 包括作宾语 to可有可无.(4) 作表语.My job is to help the patient.我的工作是帮忙病人.要留意不定式作表语与“ be to do ”结构的不同：不定式作表语说明主语的性质或内容,而“be to do ”结构表示支配要做的事情. My next plan is to draw a picture for the hous

21、e.不定式作表语我下一个方案是为这座房子画一幅图.We are to meet at the school gate at six .be to do表示支配 我们约好六点在学校门口见面.(5) 作定语表示将来的动作.The meeting to be held next week will be of great importance.下周将要举办的会议极为重要. 用在固定搭配中.I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you anything to be sent to your son.我明天要去上海,你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？send 的动作发出者并

22、非 you, 因此不定式用被动语态 可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_留意：作定语的不定式假如与其前面所修饰的名词有规律上的动宾关系,然而动词又为不及物动词,动词后要加介词或副词,使其成为及物动词词组.Will you find me a pen to write with.你能给我找一支写字的笔吗 .不定式所修饰的词是 time, place, way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去.Do you think it is the best way to deal with such a problem.你认为这是解决问题的最好方式吗？(6) 状语.表示目的、缘由、结果.They

23、 ran over to welcome the guests.他们跑过去欢迎客人. 目的The child is too young to go to school.孩子太小不能去上学. 结果We were excitedto hearthe news. 听到这个消息我们兴奋了. 原因2、不定式的时态不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式形式,既有主动语态又有被动语态两种语态.形成 to do, to be done, to be doing,to have done, to have been done 形式.(1) 不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作 状态 同时 或几乎同时发生,或是在它

24、之后发生.I m sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time.我很遗憾告知你这次是你错了.(2) 假如谓语表示的动作 情形 发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时不定式就要用进行式.I am very glad to be talking with you.我很兴奋与你交谈.(3) 假如不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式.I m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.对不起,让你久等了.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_留意：不定式的时态一般只能发生在做

25、宾语时.只有在做宾语时,不定式不肯定表现为动作未发生,由于此时用不用不定式是由谓语动词打算的,所以才会显现 to be doing,to have done这种不合规律的现象.由于to do表示未发生, have done 又表示做过, to have done不合规律3、不定式的语态当不定式规律上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承担者时,不定式一般要用被动语态.He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.他要求去农村工作.留意：含有不定式的句子中, 能够在句中找不定式动词现成的规律上的主谓宾,用主动形式表被动意义.否就,用不定式的被动形式.句

26、子中有系表结构的,或在句子中可以插入省略掉的for sb.形成规律上的主谓宾的,用主动形式表被动意义.例：It is an honour to be invited to the party. He gave me some books to read.The book is easy for me to read. 4、疑问词 +不定式结构疑问词 who,what,which ,when,where 和 how 后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语.它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语.如： When to start has not been decided何时动身尚未打算. 主语

27、I don t know what to do我不知道该怎么办. 宾语The difficultywas how to cross the river困难在于如何过河. 表语I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告知你哪里可以买到此书.双重宾语注 A. 有时疑问词前可用介词,如：I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_B. 动词 know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词如：how, what+不定式：While still a young boy, T

28、om knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.5、不带 to 的不定式1在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to .这类词有： feel觉得observe留意到,看到overhear听到 watch 凝视listen to听perceive觉察,感知notice留意see 观察look at看hear听On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his fee

29、t ,and went on the rescue.2 另一类是某些使役动词,如 make, let,have 等.如：Let him do it.让他做吧.I would have you know that I am ill我想要你知道我病了. 注 ：上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时 其后的不定式一般需带to ,如：He was seen to come The boy was made to go to bed early.在动词 find与 help 之后,不定式可带 to 亦可不带 to ,如:He was surprised to find the sheep to brea

30、k fence at this season他发觉羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊奇.3在 had better,had best,would ratherthan ,rather than,would sooner,would soonerthan,can not but,cannot help but其后的不定式一般不需带 to例：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_He would rather die than give in.他宁死不屈.4 在 butexcept 结构中. butexcept 前有 do 的某种形式,后省略 to; 但是,假如谓语动词没有 do 的某种形式,那

31、么 butexcept 所跟的不定式就仍须带 to .简略为：有 do 没 to ,没 do 有 to 例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干.The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说.There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent除了保持缄默以外,他们没有别有别的方法.5用 and,or,than等连接的两个或两个以上的不定式,其次个以及之后的 to可以省略.但是假设

32、有相反或比照的不定式,to 不能省略.例：I want to sing and dance.To go on or to stop that is the question.6) why not的简略问句和 would you please的问句后不带 to例：Why worry about such trifle.为何为琐事烦心？Why not think of what you did.为什么不想想你做了什么？Would you please give me a favour.你能否帮我个忙？7在“ comego+不定式”结构中,不定式一般不带to ,特殊是美国口语中更为常见.第一个动词表

33、示“来”、 “去”这个动作,其次个动词表示“来”、“去”的目的.Go fetch your notebook.去把你的日记本拿来.Come sit with me.来跟我坐在一起.6、动词不定式的复合结构可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1不定式的规律主语为： for + 名词 或代词宾格 + 不定式.例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone我发觉他个人干这活是不行能的.2在表示人物性格、性质、品质等的形容词后面,常用of 引出不定式的规律主语.如： brave,careful,careless,considerat

34、e,cruel,rude,generous,right,wrong,kind,nice ,good,clever等例如：It was wise of him to do that他那样做是明智的.比较：It s good for you to exercise often.It s good of you to help others. 7、不定式的省略句在句子中,当作宾语的不定式再次显现时,保留不定式符号to ,to 后面重复的内容可以省略.例：You can go shopping if you want to. 8、不定式做定语时的一些用法1) 不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He

35、was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最终一个离开教室的.The train to arrive was from London将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的.2) 不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him something to eat给他拿点儿东西吃.She has a lot of work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3) 不及物动词构成的不定式做定语, 要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成规律上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去.I need a

36、 pen to write with我需要一支笔写字.There is nothingto worry about 没有什么值得发愁的. worry aboutsth 4) 不定式修饰一些表示方向、缘由、时间、时机、权益等抽象名词如： ability才能,本事例：I have an abilty to play basketball5被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next , second, last, only 和 not a,the 等限定词时候,只能用不定式.the purestmotive to help you6不定代词 something, nothing, little,

37、 much, a lot等习惯上用不定式做定语.John will do anything but work on a farm除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干.9、不定式的一些习惯用语如： to tell you the truth,only to,so as to,in order to等等四、分词的用法分词分为现在分词和过去分词.要弄清不定式、 现在分词和过去分词的区分, 只要懂得以下几句非谓语动词的不同用法的含义就清晰了.1To see nobody at home,he decided to come again.表示目的、将来2To be seen at home,he decided

38、to come again.表示目的、将来+被动3Seeing nobody at home,he decided to come again.表示 see 动作与谓语动词几乎同时发生可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_4Being seen at home,he decided to come again.表示 see 动作与谓语动词几乎同时发生 +被动5Having seen nobody at home,he decided to come again.强调see 动作发生在谓语动词之前6Seen at home,he decided to come again.与前一句差不

39、多,可互换7Having been seen at home,he decided to come again.强调 see动作发生在谓语动词之前 +被动说明：非谓语动词规律主语就是句子的主语,非谓语动词假如有自己的规律主语,叫独立主格结构.例：Time permiting,I will go. 以下内容看看就可 1. 区分(1) 现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动.The man standing by the window is our teacher.The house built last year has become our lab.(2) 现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质,意为“

40、令人的”.过去分词表达由外界引起的内心活动,意为“感到的”.the exciting news兴奋人心的消息. 令人兴奋的消息 the excited look兴奋的表情.(3) 现在分词表达正在进行着的动作,过去分词表达完成的动作. 这一类动词主要为不及物动词 Electricitylinesas wellas telephonepoles were broughtdown by falling trees or branches.The army was called in to cut through fallen trees and. .2. 分词的时态和语态可编辑资料 - - - 欢

41、迎下载精品_精品资料_过去分词表示被动或完成的动作,因而没有完成式和被动语态.现在分词有一般式和完成式两种形式,有主动语态和被动语态两种语态,形成 doing, having done, having been done的形式.3. 分词的用法(1) 作定语单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰词的前面, 短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面.The question being discussed is important to us.The excited people rushed into the building.(2) 作状语分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、缘由、行为方式、结果、相伴状况等.

42、Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a big hall. 时间Being a student, I must study hard.缘由They worked day and night,finishingthe work ahead of time.结果不定式也可以作结果状语, 然而不定式多表达意料之外的结果,而现在分词表达意料之中的结果.She went to Shanghai speciallyto see her brother,only to find that he had gone to Beijing a fe

43、w days before.她专程去上海探望她的兄弟,却发觉他几天前去了北京.They got up very earlythat day, finding nobody inthe station when they got there.那天他们很早就起床了,到了车站却发觉那里空无一人.(3) 作表语The news is inspiring.这消息令人激励.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_The window is broken.窗户破了.(4) 作宾补We had the fire burning all day.我们让这火成天烧着.I mafraidI cantmakemyself understood whenI speak English.我担忧当我说英语是别