2022年高等教育自学考试《外国文学史》笔记 .docx

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1、精品_精品资料_2022 年高等训练自学考试外国文学史笔记In2022highereducationexaminationfortheself-taughtforeign literature history notes文学状况Literature in一 日本文学Japanese Literature日本近代文学形成的标志和奠基之作：ThemarkoftheformationofmodernJapaneseliteratureand foundation of:坪内逍遥的文学理论著作：小说神髓、主人公内海文三是日本文学的第一个“余外人”形象.Tsubouchi shoyo work of L

2、iterary Theory: the novel God marrow, the protagonistNaikaiFumiistheJapaneseliteratureandthefirst images of redundancies.日本批判现实主义文学的奠基作是二叶亭四迷的长篇小说：浮云Japanese critical realism literature foundation as two Pavilion four fans of the novel: cloud日本浪漫主义文学：Japanese romantic literature:森鸥外的短篇小说舞姬被认为是日本浪漫主义

3、文学的开创之作.森鸥外同时也是知名的评论家,他和坪内逍遥并为日本“评论界的双杰”.MoriOgaisshortstoryeisthoughttobeJapaneseromantic literature created for. Mori Ogai is also well-known critic, he andTsubouchishoyo and Japanese critical double.浪漫主义文学的先驱者和理论提倡者：诗人北村透谷,他主见个性解放、反对写实主义.Romanticliteratureand theoryadvocates:Pioneerpoetofemperor,

4、 he advocated the liberation of personality, opposed to realism.日本唯美主义文学：Japanese Aestheticism literature:代表作家：永井荷风和谷崎润一郎Writers: Yongjinghefeng and saki run a Lang术语说明Explanation of terms白桦派：The white birch school:1 白桦派由一些近代日本作家创办的同名刊物白桦而得名.1whitebirchschoolfoundedbysome modern Japanese writersofth

5、e same name publication Birch.2 白桦派作家追求个性解放、提倡人道主义精神,强调人的尊严和意志.主要代表作家是志贺直哉.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_2birch writers pursuit of the liberation of personality, to promotethe humanitarian spirit, emphasizing human dignity and the will. The major writers is Shika Naoya.新思潮派：New ideas of pie:1 新思潮派以近代日本作家芥

6、川龙之介等人创办的新思潮杂志而得名.1new trendsofmodern Japanese writerssuchasAkutagawa Ryunosuke and sent to the founder of the new trends magazine named.2 芥川龙之介是该派的代表作家,罗生门是他早期代表作.2Akutagawa Ryunosuke istherepresentativewriter,Rashomon was his early masterpiece.日本自然主义文学：Japanese Naturalism literature:(1) 自然主义文学是 20

7、 世纪初显现在日本近代文学史上一个占有重要位置的文学流派,它的产生对日本近代文学有肯定影响.(1) naturalistliteratureatthebeginningoftwentiethCentury appeared in modern Japanese history of literature the last occupiedanimportantpositionintheliterarygenre,whichhascertain influence on Modern Japanese literature.(2) 从岛村抱月的理论著作被囚禁的文艺和岛崎藤村的长篇小说破戒问世之后

8、,日本文学史上便显现了自然主义文学运动的高潮.(2) fromShimamura Zukistheoreticalworksofliteratureand art imprisoned and Toson Shimazakis novel breaking after coming out,the history of Japanese literature appeared the climax of naturalist literature movement.(3) 日本自然主义文学的特点：(3) the characteristics of Japanese Naturalism li

9、terature:1 在理论上主见“破理显实”,不带任何功利目的的根据事物原样子去描写“真实”.1in theory breaking science significant real, without any utilitarianpurposes in accordance with the original way to describe the real thing.2 在实践上主见遵循肯定客观主义的创作方法.即要求作家冷静的、客观的、不带任何倾向的去描写事物.2inthepracticethatfollowtheabsoluteobjectivismcreation method.T

10、hatrequiresthewritercalmly,objectively,withoutany tendency to describe things.3 在方式上要作家自我忏悔和自我暴露.即作家不仅要写自己,而且要写自己作为动物的“性本能”和“性冲动”要对个人丑恶的私生活进行忏悔.3in a manner tothewritersselfconfession andself exposure. The writernotonlytowritetheirown,butalsotowritetheirown animalasinstinctandimpulsetopersonaluglypr

11、ivacy confession.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_岛崎藤村是从浪漫主义转向自然主义的作家,也是自然主义文学奠基人.自然主义奠基作是破戒：主人公濑川丑松是一名学校教员,出身被称为 “秽多”的日本贱民阶级.Toson Shimazaki is from Romanticism to naturalistic writer, is also the founder of literary naturalism. Naturalism is bad foundation :the heroineSegawa Matsu isa primary school teache

12、r, wasknown as the dirty scheduled castes in japan.具有更典型的自然主义特色作品是他的自传性质的小说：新生.Withmoretypicalfeaturesofnaturalismworksishis autobiographical novel: new.田山花袋是日本自然主义文学先驱之一：长篇小说棉被TianshanhuadaiisoneofthepioneersofJapaneseNaturalism Literature: novel quilt二 印度文学The two India literature印度是个多民族的国家,近代印度文学

13、中,孟加拉语文学和印的语文学成就最高,具有代表性.Indiaisamulti-ethniccountry,themodernIndialiterature,Bengaliliteratureand Hindiliteraryachievementsofthehighest, representative.般.钱.查特吉是孟加拉语近代文学的创始人之一：毒树第一次提出了寡妇改嫁问题.Like. Money. Chatterjee was one of the founders of modern Bengali Literature: poisonous tree presented the fi

14、rst widow remarried problem.萨.钱.查特吉士印度语近代文学的创始人之一：斯里甘特是一部自传体小说,共 4 卷.Sa. Money. This is one of the founders of modern literature - India: Sri Gunter is an autobiographical novel,4 vols.夏目漱石 近代日本 Natsume Soseki Japan 夏目漱石原名夏目金之助.Natsume Soseki Natsume Kimnosuke.主要作品：Major works:1905 年：第一部长篇小说我是猫 代表作

15、,是日本近代文学史上一部风格特殊的作品.主人公中学教员苦沙弥是日本文学史上其次个“余外人”形象.1905: first novel I am a cat representative , is the history of modern Japanese literature is a unique style of the works. Hero highschoolteacherfromnovicesarethehistoryofJapaneseliteraturesecond superfluous man.作品仍塑造了迷亭、寒月、东风等一系列小资产阶级学问分子的形象.The works

16、 also created fan Pavilion, air, wind and a series of petty可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_bourgeoisie intellectuals image.1906 年：中篇小说哥儿1906: the novella Sport1908 年：“前三部曲” 爱情三部曲 ：三四郎、其后、门1908:thetrilogyloveTrilogy:threeorfour,followed by Lang, door1911 年：“后三部曲”：过了春分季节 又译春分过后 、行人 又译使者 、心 是夏目漱石晚年创作的代表 1911:t

17、rilogy:afterthevernalequinoxalsotranslatedas afterthevernalequinox,pedestrianalsotranslatedas messenger,heartisoneofNatsume Sosekislatercreation representative 明暗 又译明与暗 是作者未完之作：被誉为日本近代心理小说的典范.Lightandshadealsotranslatedaslightand darkisthe authorofunfinished:known astheJapanesemodernpsychological no

18、vel paradigm.懂得后简答题Understanding short answer questions简析我是猫中苦沙弥的形象及其典型意义.Brief analysis of cat bitter monk image and typical significance.苦沙弥是近代日本作家夏目漱石的在其代表作我是猫中塑造的一个, 日本小资产阶级学问分子的典型形象.Bitter novices are modern Japanese writer Natsume Soseki in his representative work, I am a cat in the shape of a

19、 Japan, the typical image of petty bourgeoisie intellectuals.1 苦沙弥为人正直、和善、藐视权贵,甘居清贫.他对现实不满,厌恶资本家,特殊敢于藐视资本家的走狗.Honest,kind,monk1bitterscorndignitaries,Ganpoor.Heis dissatisfiedwiththereality,aversiontocapitalists,especially dared to defy the capitalist stooge.2 苦沙弥的弱点表现在他为人心胸狭窄,目光短浅,消极混世,得过且过,精神非常空虚,

20、夸夸其谈,不学无术,庸俗无聊.2bittermonk weaknessinhissmall-mindedpeople,short-sighted, negative nevertheless, muddle along, spiritual emptiness, indulge inverbiage, have neither learning nor skill, vulgar and boring.典型意义：Typical meaning:1 苦沙弥的软弱、无能正是日本近代社会的产物.一方面,他们接受了比较新式的训练.另一方面,刚刚起步的近代训练仍无力全面、健康的培育他 们.1bitter

21、 monk weakness, impotence is the product of the modern society of japan. On one hand, they received a more modern可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_education . on the other hand, just at the beginning of the modern education is to cultivate their comprehensive, healthy.2 他们即真砭时弊,不满现状,又缺乏高度的社会责任感,无力把握时代的潮流,同时丢失

22、了人生目标,是一群无所适从的弱者.2they really and malpractice, dissatisfaction with the status quo, and the lack of a high degree of social responsibility, unable to grasp the trend of the times, at the same time lost the goal of life,is a bunch of not know what course to take the weak.简析我是猫的艺术特色.Brief analysis of

23、cat artistic characteristics.夏目漱石的代表作我是猫,有着精湛的艺术特色：NatsumeSosekismasterpiececat,hasasuperbartistic characteristics:1 作品没有曲折的故事情节,缺乏整体的结构、框架.1piecewithoutcomplicatedplots,thelackofoverallstructure, frame.2 通篇以猫的见闻和感受为主线,以苦沙弥及四周人物的活动为中心,表达起来都比较敏捷、自由.2there is a cats knowledge and experience as the mai

24、n line, with abitter novices and surrounding character of the activities as the center, are more flexible, freedom of expression.3 小说中杰出的幽默和讽刺艺术即继承了日本古典文学中讽刺传统,又吸引了英国18 世纪文学中的幽默讽刺手法.插科逗趣,荒诞神奇,猫态猫语等.The 3novelsingood humor and satireartinheritedtheclassical Japanese literatureinthesatiricaltradition,

25、alsoattractedthe BritisheighteenthCenturythehumor intheliteratureofsatire.Interpolation absurd funny, strange, cat cat.4 语言即平白、通俗,有生活气息. 4language is simple, popular, there is breath of life.简析我是猫中猫的典型意义.Brief analysis of cat cat in the typical significance.夏目漱石的代表作我是猫中的猫有其典型意义：NatsumeSosekismasterp

26、iececatinthecathasthetypical significance:1 小说以猫为表达者,就可以见人之所未见,言人之所不能言,随心所欲的表达作者对客观事物的熟悉和态度.1novels by the cat as the narrator, can see the unseen words, peopleare not words, free to express the author s understanding of objective things and attitudes.2 猫是作品中有着特殊重用意义的独立形象,即有动物的特性,又被给予了人的感情,是作者的代言人.2

27、catsweretheworkswithspecialreusesignificanceindependent可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_image,namelyanimalcharacteristics,endowed withhuman emotions, is the spokesman.3 这只猫也同人一样,在丑恶的现实社会中产生了苦恼和悲观心情,最终因偷喝主人的啤酒,昏迷中掉进水缸淹死了.3the cat and others, the ugly reality of society have had a troubledand pessimism,finally

28、because ofdrinkinghisbeer,fellintothe water drowned in a coma.第三节 泰戈尔 近代印度 Third Tagore Modern India 他于 1931 年获诺贝尔文学奖,成为获得此项荣誉的第一位东方作家.印度人把他奉为“诗祖”,世界很多国家的人们尊他为“诗圣”和“诗哲”.In1931 hewas awarded the NobelPrizefor literature, beobtained thishonorthefirstOrientalwriters.The Indianstomake himas poem progeni

29、tor, many countries of the worlds people respect himas a poet and poetry and philosophy.在哲学思想上,泰戈尔想从旧的印度教神学中摆脱出来,建立一种新型的宗教原就.他在自己的创作中着力宣扬“泛神论”.Inphilosophy,Tagorewantstocome fromtheoldHindutheologyfreed, the establishment of a new religious principles. He is in his creation to the propaganda panthei

30、sm.泛神论的特点：Pantheism characteristics:1 泰戈尔所信仰的神存在于万物之中,人与万物都是神的表现.1 Tagore God in everything, and everything is God s performance.2 泰戈尔宣扬“泛神论”的反对,说明对印度教派纷争及种姓制度严格的不满,有其合理的唯物主义因素.2TagorepropagandapantheismagainstIndia,suggeststhatthe sectarian strife and the caste system strictly dissatisfaction, itsr

31、easonable factor of materialism.3 一味追求与神的融合与和谐,又显露出一种超自然的心情,步人到纯精神的方舟之内,势必导致人们脱离现实去追求神奇模糊的臆想.因此“泛神 论”思想又含有唯心主义色调.3pursuit of God and the integration and harmony, and reveals a kindofsupernaturalmood,stepintopurespiritoftheark,will inevitablyleadtopeoplefromrealitytopursuemysticaldim conjecture.There

32、forepantheismthoughtandcontainingthe idealism color.主要作品：Major works:诗集：吉檀迦利、新月集、园丁集、飞鸟集以及一些故事诗.Anthology: Jitanjiali , new moon set, the gardener, stray as well as some story poem.剧本：摩克多塔拉、邮局、红夹竹桃可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_The script: Mokeduotala, post office, red oleander.长篇小说：戈拉、沉船The novel: Gora, s

33、hip短篇小说：喀布尔人、摩诃摩耶Short stories: Kabul, Maya.泰戈尔的诗歌创作,大致可分为三个时期：Tagores poetry creation, can be roughly divided into three periods: 1 早期：1 early:1875 年：在甘露市场报第一次发表爱国诗篇献给印度教庙会.1875:theamritaBazarpatrikafirstpublishedapatrioticpoem to Hindu temple.1878 年：长诗诗人的故事1878: the long poem the poets story1880-1

34、890 年：抒情诗集暮歌、晨歌、画与歌1880-1890:Lyrical Poems songtwilight, morningsong, pictures and songs代表意义的是叙事长诗两亩的：主人公巫宾是一位贫苦农夫.Representativeofthesignificanceofthenarrativepoemtwo acres : the hero Wu Bin is a poor farmer.抵抗殖民者的作品：被俘的英雄Against the colonists works: the captured heroes 2 中期：2period:英文诗集：English po

35、ems:吉檀迦利 1921 年 ：“吉檀迦利”是孟加拉的音译,原意是贡献.诗人的诗歌是献给神的.Jitanjiali 1921: Ji angle benefit is Bengali transliteration, is intended to give. Poets poetry is devoted to god.园丁集：反映诗人对人生道路的探究与追求.Thegardener:ontheroadoflifereflectsthepoets exploration and pursuit.新月集：歌颂母爱与童真. Crescent moon: to love and innocence.

36、飞鸟集：包蕴着深邃的哲理. Stray birds: contains a profound philosophy.懂得后简答题Understanding short answer questions简述吉檀迦利的思想内容与艺术特色.The Jitanjiali ideological content and artistic characteristics.泰戈尔的英文诗集吉檀迦利获得了诺贝尔文学奖,最能代表作者的创作成就,它的思想内容和艺术特色上有以下几点：TagoresEnglishpoemsJitanjialiwontheNobelPrizein可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精

37、品资料_literature,mostcanrepresenttheauthorscreativeachievements, itsideologicalcontentandartisticcharacteristicsonthe following points:一 思想内容有两个方面：Ideological content has two aspects:1 诗人日夜希望与神相见,与神结合,以达到合而为一的抱负境域,表现诗人虽猛烈追求但却难以达到合而为一境域的痛楚.诗人经过不懈追求,达到合而为一抱负境域的欢快.The 1poet hoped to meet with God, combin

38、e with God, to be made one of the ideal state, performance poet although strong pursuit but aredifficulttoreachbemade onerealm.Thepoetafterrelentlesspursuit, to be made one ideal state of joy.2 泰戈尔心目中的神,存在于现实生活之中,在最贫贱最失所的人群中歇足.作者通过对神的礼赞,表达出自己的人生抱负.诗人笔下的神非常神奇, 诗人正是借“泛神”的思想,来表现生活的真理.它即可求,又飘缈.即实 际,又神奇.

39、正是这种特点糅和在一起,构成了吉檀迦利的神奇颜色,反映出作家进行抱负探究的冲突心理与一切必归和谐的哲学观念.2 Tagore in the eyes of God, exist in the real life in the meanest, most displaced populations having a rest. The author through to the praise of God, to express his own ideal of life. The poet s God ismysterious,thepoetwas throughPan God thought

40、,toshow the truth of life. It can be calculated, and Piaomiao. namely actual, and mysterious.Itisthisfeaturetogotogether,constitutethe Jitanjialimysterywriter,reflectstheidealexplorationof ambivalence and everything will be harmonious philosophy.二 在艺术上,吉檀迦利也独具特色.Two in art, Jitanjiali is also unique

41、.1 诗集布满哲理,但抒情意味很浓.诗中泰戈尔对大自然最杰出的描述, 春天、雨季纯然一幅幅清楚的画面.1poems fullofphilosophy,butthelyricisverystrong.The poem Tagoreonnatureswonderfuldescriptionsoftherainyseason, spring, purely a clear picture.2 直述胸臆,似水中月,云中影,飘忽不定,可望而不行即,给人以模糊之感.2straight heart, like month in water, cloud shadow, erratic, within sig

42、ht but beyond reach, gives a feeling of vague.3 想象奇妙,韵律幽雅,将哲学思想融合化在美丽的诗行之中,神奇而不枯燥.3peculiarimagination,rhythm,elegant,thephilosophyof integration in the beautiful lines, mysterious and boring.三 后期 政治性、战役性突出 Late three political, battle of outstanding 生辰集：第十首视为泰戈尔一生创作中的纪念碑. Birthday: the first set of

43、 tenth as Tagore life in the creation可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_of the monument.泰戈尔的小说创作,可分为两类：Tagores novel creation, can be divided into two categories:一 短篇小说A short story第一个短篇小说：女乞丐The first short stories: the beggar反对殖民主义统治为主题的小说：太阳与乌云Againstcolonialruleasthethemeofthenovel:thesunand clouds摩诃摩耶：主人公摩诃摩耶集印度妇女的苦难于一身. Maya: the protagonist Maya set India women suffering in a body.描写小人物的作品：喀布尔人 颇具典型性 Thedescriptionofthesmallcharactersworks:Kabulmana typical 泰戈尔短篇小说的艺术特色：Tagores short novels:1 以偶然大事作为情节进展契机,常将情节进展的悬念性、传奇性和细节的真实性结合起来.1 by accidentas a plotdevelopment, oftenwillthedevelopm