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1、-谢孟媛初级语法视频同步word版-第 13 页初级英文文法 Unit 1名词、冠词 -11. (01)名词的种类2. (01)名词的数3. (01)名词的所有格4. (01)冠词Unit 2be 动词、一般动词的现在式-31. (02)be动词的现在式-am、are、is2. (02)一般动词的现在式3. (02)一般动词的否定句Unit 3be动词 、一般动词的过去式-51. (03)be动词的过去式2. (03)be动词(过去式)的否定句3. (03)be动词(过去式)的疑问句4. (03)一般动词的过去式5. (03)一般动词(过去式)的否定句6. (03)一般动词(过去式)的疑问句U
2、nit 4代名词-71. (04、05)人称代名词2. (05)所有代名词3. (05、06)反身代名词4. (06、07)指示代名词5. (07)不定代名词Unit 5时态 -121. (08)一般现代式2. (08、09)一般过去式3. (09)现在进行式4. (09)过去进行式5. (09)未来式Unit 6WH问句、祈使句、感叹句-151. (10)WH问句2. (10)祈使句3. (10)感叹句Unit 1名词、冠词名词,用来表示人或事物、动物,能做为主语、补语、宾语。其中可计数的,称为可数名词;不可计数的,称为不可数名词。1.名词的种类普通名词 表示具有一定形状的个体,为可数名词,
3、有单数/复数之分。例:book(书)、pencil(铅笔)、dog(狗)、spaceship(太空船)等。集合名词 表示一个单位的群体,或者表示被视做整体的人、事、物的集合体。例:class(班级;班上的同学)、family(家庭;家人)、audience(听众)等。例 1. My family large. 我家是一个大家庭。2. My family all early risers. 我的家人都起得早。专用名词 如人名、地名等,用来表示其一特定的名称。无冠词,第一个字母须大写。例:Bob(鲍伯)、Smith(史密斯)、April(四月)、London(伦敦)等。下列专有名词需要加上定冠词t
4、he 。例the United States(美国)、The United Nations(联合国)物质名词 表示不具有一定形状的物质名词,如材料、食物、气体、液体等。一律用单数,但前面不加a或an。例:glass(玻璃)、wood(木头)、paper(纸)、butter(奶油)、fruit(水果)、meat(肉)、sugar(糖)、air(空气)、gas(瓦斯)、water(水)等。物质名词在计算数量时,用容器或度量衡的单位来表示。即:数字+容器(度量衡)+of+物质名词例:1. a loaf of bread (一条面包) 2. a cup of coffee (一杯咖啡)3. a she
5、et of paper (一张纸) 4.a spoonful of sugar (一匙糖)抽象名词 表示观念、性质、动作、过程、状态等。原则上与“数”无关。前面不加a或an,没有复数形式。例:beauty(美丽)、honesty(诚实)、love(爱)、patience(耐心)、happiness(幸福)、music(音乐)等。2.名词的数表示人或事物的名词中,有一些是可以计数的。个数只有一个的情形,称之为单数;个数超过一个时,称之为复数。规则变化的复数名词名词字尾加S 大部分名词例:dog-dogs (狗) book-books (书) girl-girls (女孩)名词字尾为s 、sh、c
6、h、x、o加es例:class-classes (班级) bus-buses (公交车) dish-dishes (盘子)benchbentF-benches (长凳) box-boxes (盒子)注意:名词字尾为辅音+o时,复数名词加es,如tomatoes(蕃茄)。但有例外,如photos(照片),pianos(钢琴)等。名词字尾为辅音+y去y+ies例:baby-babies (婴儿) story-stories (故事) city-cities (城市) lady-ladies (女士)名词字尾为f或fe去f或fe+ves例:leaf-leaves (叶子) wife-wives (老
7、婆) knife-knives (刀子)handkerchiefs(手帕),chiefs(领袖),roofs(屋顶)不规则变化的复数名词名词字尾加en,ren例:ox-oxen (公牛) child-children (小孩)改变元音例:man-men (男人) woman-women (女人) goose-geese (鹅) tooth-teeth (牙齿) mouse-mice (老鼠)单复数同形例:fish-fish (鱼) deer-deer (鹿) sheep-sheep (绵羊)Chinese-Chinese (中国人) Japanese-Japanese(日本人)3.名词的所有格
8、名词的所有格形式单数名词名词s例:the boys schoolbag (男孩的书包) Joans dress (Joan的洋装)复数名词名词s例:a girls school (一所女校) these students teacher (这些学生的老师)字尾非S的复数名词名词s例:childrens playground (小孩的游乐园) womens activities (女性的活动)特别注意的所有格用法共同所有格及个别所有格例:1. father is a scientist 5saIEntIst. (Harry和Bill的父亲是一位科学家。) 2. fathers are scien
9、tists. (Harry和Bill的父亲都是科学家。)(无)生物所有格:A的BB of A例:1. 桌子的脚2. 车门(车子的门)3. 女孩的名字所有格之后的名词,如在句中非常容易理解时,可以省略。例:1. Shes going to the dentists . (她要去看牙。) dentist5dZntIst牙科医生2. I met him at barbers. (我在理发院遇到他。) barber5barbL 理发店3. We like to eat lunch at McDonalds. (我们喜欢去麦当劳吃午餐。) McDonaldmEk5dCnEld麦克唐纳(男子名)4.冠词冠
10、词可分为不定冠词a(an)及定冠词the,它通常放在名词之前,用来修饰名词。例:a book(一本书) a girl(一个女孩) a young man(一位年轻人) an apple(一个苹果) an umbrellaQm5brZl(一把伞) an old woman(一个老女人)a(an)的发音一般来说aE,anEn,但强调“一个”时,特别加重语气可读成ae,anAn1. I read a novel. 2. I read a novel, not two.The的用法 定冠词the可用来限定可数名词及不可数名词,可表示单数及复数。也可用来限定形容词。其在元音前,读TI;辅音前则读TE。例
11、:1. Please shut the door. (请关门。)2. The rich arent always happy. (有钱人并非是快乐的。) the+形容词 泛指的人,代表复数。比较:不定冠词(a &an)定冠词(the)表示不特定的事物表示特定的事物只能接可数名词可接可数名词及不可数名词只能用于单数可用于单数及复数Unit 2 be动词一般动词的现在式be动词的现在式am、are、isbe动词的含意 a.是(表状态)例:We are happy. (我们很高兴。)b.在(表存在)例:She is in America. (她在美国。)主语+be动词主语be动词例句第一人称amI
12、am a boy.第二人称areYou are my sons.第三人称.单数名词isHe is my student.be动词的否定句含有be动词(am、are、is)的肯定句变为否定句时,在be动词之后加not(不)即可。肯定句:主语+am(are、is).否定句:主语+ am(are、is)+not.例:He is a good baseball player. (他是位好的棒球员。)(否定句) . (他不是位好的棒球员。)be动词的疑问句含有be动词(am、are、is)的肯定句变为疑问句时,将be动词拿到主语前,句尾加(?)即可。肯定句:主语+am(are、is).疑问句:Am(Ar
13、e、Is)+主语?例:l. That is his camera.(那是他的照相机。) camera.5kAmErE (疑问句) (那是他的照相机吗?)2. The girl is a junior high school student. (那女孩是初中生。) junior5dVuniL (疑问句) (那女孩是初中生吗?)be动词开头的疑问句,可用yes或no回答。而答句中的主语,须用代名词。 (问句) Am /Are/Is+主语?(答句)Yes,主语+am/are/is.No,主语+am/are/is+not.例:1. Is that man your math teacher? (那个人
14、是你们的数学老师吗?)(答句) Yes, he is. / No, he is not. (是,他是。/ 不,他不是。)2. Are you eating your lunch? (你正在吃你的午餐吗?)(答句) (是,我是。/ 不,我不是。)一般动词的现在式(1)一般动词的含义举凡日常生活中具体的动作,(如:吃饭eat,走路walk.等)及抽象的动作,(如:喜欢like,思考think.等)皆为一般动词。(2)主语+一般动词现在式的句子中,主语为第三人称单数时,一般动词须加s或es。人称数单数复数第一人称I like dogs.We like dogs.第二人称You like dogs.Y
15、ou like dogs.第三人称He likes dogs.They like dogs.一般动词加s或es的方法:大部分动词加s,其发音为s或z例:works、plays一般动词字尾为o、s、sh、ch时,加es。例:goes goz washes 5waFIz watches 5watFIz一般动词字尾为辅音加y时,须去y再加ies。例:crycries kraz studystudies stQdIzhave和hashave(有;吃)的单数动词为has1. They have a lot of money. (他们有许多钱。)2. He has a lot of money. (他有许
16、多钱。)一般动词的否定句含有一般动词的肯定句变为否定句时,不可直接在一般动词之后加not,必须使用助动词do或does。而do或does之后必定出现原形动词。do用于主语为I、you、复数。does用于主语为第三人称单数。肯定句:主语+一般动词否定句:主语+do/ does + not +原形动词例:l. The twin brothers go to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟搭公交车上学。) twintwIn双胞胎,孪生(否定句) The twin brothers do not go to school by bus.=The twin brothers dont g
17、o to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟不搭公交车上学。)2. Sam has dinner at the restaurant. (Sam在那家餐厅吃晚餐。) restaurant5rZstErEnt饭店,餐馆(否定句) Sam does not have dinner at the restaurant.=Sam doesnt have dinner at the restaurant. (Sam不在那家餐厅吃晚餐。)比较否定句a. be动词:He is my boyfriend. (他是我男朋友。) boyfriend5bCI9frZnd (他不是我男朋友。)b. 一般动
18、词:He likes dogs. (他喜欢狗。) (他不喜欢狗。)一般动词的疑问句含有一般动词的肯定句变为疑问句时,不可将一般动词拿到主语前,必须使用助动词do或does。而do或does之后,必定出现原形动词。肯定句:主语+一般动词疑问句:Do/Does+主语+原形动词?例:l. You visit your grandmother on Sundays. (你每逢假日探访你祖母。)(疑问句) Do you visit your grandmother on Sundays? (你每逢星期日探访你祖母吗?)2. He comes from England. (他来自英国。)(疑问句) Doe
19、s he come from England? (他来自英国吗?)助动词do或does开头的疑问句,Yes或No之后,也须用do或does做简答。(问句) Do / Does+主语+原形动词?(答句) Yes, 主语+do/does.No, 主语+dont/doesnt.例:Does the little boy go to school? (这小男孩上学了吗?)(答句) Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.(是,他是。/ 不,没有。)比较疑问句a. be动词:She is beautiful. (她是美丽的。) beautiful5bjutEfEl adj.美丽的,美
20、好的(她美丽吗?) (是的,她是。)b.一般动词:She loves tennis. (她喜欢网球。) tennis5tenIs网球(运动)(她喜欢网球吗?) (不,她不喜欢。)Unit 3 be动词一般动词的过去式be动词的过去式-was和were现在式过去式be动词amwasisarewere过去式be动词表示过去时间中发生的状态。1.(现在式) He is busy now.(他现在很忙。) nownaJ现在(过去式) He was busy then.(他那时很忙。) thenTZn 那时2.(现在式) My parents are at home now.(我父母现在在家。) (过去
21、式) My parents were at home yesterday.(我父母昨天在家。) yesterday5jZstL9de昨天时间副词改变,动词也必须改变be动词(过去式)的否定句含有be动词(was、were)的肯定句变为否定句时,在be动词之后加not (不)即可。肯定句:主语+was(were). 否定句:主语+was(were)+not.例:1. Mr. Brown was a vet. (Brown先生是一位兽医。)(否定句) Mr. Brown was not a vet. (Brown先生不是兽医。)2. Joe and Brian were in the living
22、 room at that time. (那时Joe和Brain在客厅。)(否定句) Joe and Brain were not in the living room at that time. (那时Joe和Bram不在客厅。)be动词(过去式)的疑问句含有be动词(was、were)的肯定句变为疑问句时,将be动词放到主语前,句尾加问号(?)即可。肯定句:主语+was(were).疑问句:Was(Were)+主语?例:1. Wendy was in the fourth grade last year. (Wendy去年是四年级。)(疑问句) Was Wendy in the fourt
23、h grade last year? (Wendy去年读四年级吗?)be动词开头的疑问句,可用yes或no回答。而答句中的主语,须用代名词。(问句) Was(Were)+主语?(答句) Yes, 主语+was(were).No, 主语+was(were)+not.例:Were you a student? (你是学生吗?)(答句)Yes, I was. / (是,我是。/ 不,我不是。)一般动词的过去式一般动词的过去式,分为规则变化及不规则变化。(1)规则变化ed原形动词+ed例:helphelped (帮忙) workworked(走路) spellspelled (拼字) wantwant
24、ed (想要)原形动词字尾有e+d例:loveloved (爱) dancedanced (跳舞)原形动词为辅音+短元音+辅音重复字尾+ed例:stopstopped (停止) planplanned (计划)原形动词字尾为辅音+y去y+ied例:studystudied (读书) crycried(哭).(2)不规则变化例:eatate (吃) it/etreadread (读) rid /rZd riderode (骑) comecame (来)gowent (去) havehad (有; 吃) seesaw (看) teachtaught (教) tCtgivegave (给)taket
25、ook (拿)例:1. I walk to school every day. (我每天走路上学。)(过去式)I to school yesterday.(我昨天走路上学。2. Mother goes to a supermarket every morning. (妈妈每天早上去超巿。) supermarket5supL9markIt超级市场(过去式) Mother to a supermarket yesterday morning. (妈妈昨天早上去超巿。)主语为第三人称单数时,过去式动词不须加s一般动词(过去式)的否定句含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为否定句时,不可直接在一般动词之后
26、加not,必须使用过去式助动词did(不分人称)。而did之后,必定出现原形动词。肯定句:主语+一般动词(过去式)否定句:主语+did not+原形动词例:l. He called you last night. (他昨晚打电话给你。)(否定句) He did not call you last night. (他昨晚没打电话给你。)2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday. (我姐姐昨天和我看了一整天的电视。)(否定句)My sister and I watch TV all day yesterday.(我姐姐昨天和我并没有整天看电视。
27、)比较:否定句(过去式)a. be动词:She was at home. (她在家。) . (她不在家。)b. 一般动词:She studied English. (她学英语。) . (她没学英语。)一般动词(过去式)的疑问句含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为疑问句时,不可将一般动词拿到主语前,必须使用过去式助动词did。而did之后,必定出现原形动词。肯定句:主语+一般动词(过去式)疑问句:Did+主语+原形动词.?例:1. His friends went to that movie last week. (他的朋友上星期去看了那部电影。) movie5muvi电影(疑问句) Did hi
28、s friends go to that movie last week? (他的朋友上星期看了那部电影吗?)(答句) Yes, they did. / No, they didnt.(是的,他们看了。/ 不,他们没看。)2. Grace wrote a letter to David. (Grace写了一封信给David。) letter5lZtL信,证书(疑问句) ? (Grace写信给David了吗?)(答句) / .(是,她写了。/ 没,她没有。)比较:疑问句(过去式)a. be动词:He was sick. (他病了。) sicksIk生病,不舒服 ? (他病了吗?)b. 一般动词:
29、He did his homework. (他做功课了。) homework5hom9wLk家庭作业,功课 Did he do his homework? (他做功课了吗?)Unit 4代名词人称代名词人称代名词的人称及格数格人称单数复数主格所有格宾格主格所有格宾格第一人称Imymeweourus第二人称youyouryouyouyouryou第三人称hehishimtheytheirthemsheherherititsit第一人称说话者第二人称听话者第三人称第一人称及第二人称话题中提到者主格、所有格、宾格的用法主格+动词所有格+名词一般动词+宾格/介系词+宾格例:1. likes sport
30、s. (他喜欢运动。)2. friends are over there. (他的朋友们在那里。)3. The girl loves very much. (那女孩非常爱她。)It的用法 it可表示天气、时间、距离.等等例:l. It rains a lot in Henan in spring. (it表天候) rainren(雨)降下 springspr IN 春天(河南春天下很多雨。)2. It was two oclock when he came back home. (it表时间)(他两点回到家。) 3. It is five kilometers from here to the
31、 airport. (it表距离) kilometer5kIlE9mitL千米,公里 airport5Zr9pCrt机场,空港(从这里到机场距离是5公里。) it表示某一状况此时多半是说话的人及听话的人都能了解的特定状况。例:1. A: Who knocked at the door? (谁敲门?) knock nak敲击B: I thought it was Jack. (我想是Jack。) (think过去式)thoughtWCt想2. Its all up to you. (一切由你决定。)3. I like it here. (我喜欢这里。)4. I dont feel like it
32、. (我不想。) feel like 想要,摸起来像 It可以当形式主语代替一件事例:1. It is difficult to learn Spanish. (西班牙文很难学。) difficult5dIfI9kQlt 困难 Spanish5spAnIF(形式主语)2. Its important that you should tell the truth. (你该说实话,这很重要。) importantIm5pCrtnt(形式主语)3. Its no use telling him about it.(告诉他这件事是没用的。)(形式主语)we、you、they的特殊用法例:1. We h
33、ad a heavy rain yesterday. (昨天下了一场大雨。) heavy5hZviadj.重的,大量的2. You dont see many Chinese there. (在那里看不到许多中国人。) ChinesetFaI53. They speak English in Canada. (在加拿大说英语。) Canada5kAnEdE所有代名词数格人称单数复数所有格所有代名词所有格所有代名词第一人称myminemaInourours第二人称youryoursyouryours第三人称hishistheirtheirsherhersitsits所有代名词的用法 所有代名词=
34、所有格+名词例:1. Your house is bigger than mine (=my house). (你家比我家大。)2. My bicycles are here and his (=his bicycles) are there. (我的脚踏车在这里,而他的在那里。) bicycles5baI9sIkEl所有代名词所代替的名词,要与前者提到的名词单、复数相同。 伴随双重所有格:例:I met one of my old friends on the way home. (我在回家途中遇到我的一位老朋友。)= an old friend of . 名词的所有代名词=所有格例:My
35、dog is black, and Jasons is white. (我的狗是黑的,而Jason的是白的。) blackblAk whitewaIt= Jasons dog反身代名词反身代名词的形成第一、二人称所有格+ self(单数) / selves(复数)第三人称宾格+ self(单数) / selves(复数)单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称反身代名词的用法例:l. You always talk to yourself. (你老是自言自语。)2. The little girl hurt herself. (这小女孩受伤了。)3. He can do it by himself.
36、(他能够独自做这件事。) 强调他自己就能做: .4. I saw the singer himself. (我看见那位歌手本人。)指示代名词 用来指示人或事物的代名词。 this(these) / that(those)一般用法用于人或事物。离说话者距离近者用this(these);距离远者用that(those)。 theseTiz/ thoseToz例:1. This is my book, and that is Marys. (这是我的书,而那是Mary的。)2. Who is this? (你是谁?)电话用语。Who was that on the telephone? (电话上那人
37、是谁?) telephone5tZlE9fon电话3. Things are easier these days. (这几天事情简单多了。) thingWIN 事情,东西 easy5izi容易的,简单的代替用法代替已经叙述过的字。代替单数名词用that;代替复数名词用those。但this(these)无此用法。 例:1. The weather in Hebei is cooler than the weather in Henan. weather5wZTL=The weather in Hebei is cooler than that in Henan. (河北的天气比河南凉爽。)2.
38、 Her interests are different from the interests of her childhood. =Her interests are different from those of her childhood. (她现在的兴趣和她童年时的不同。) interest5IntrIst兴趣/爱好 different5dIfrEnt不同的 childhood5tFaIld9hJd童年/儿童时代so 作为动词的宾语或补语,指前面出现过的字或是句子。例:l. A: Will it be fine tomorrow. (明天天气好吗?) tomorrow.tE5mCroB
39、: I hope so. (我希望如此。)(=I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.)2. Do you still feel sick? If so, you must see the doctor.(你仍然不舒服吗?如果是的话,你必须看医师。)3. Nancy can play the violin, and so can I. (Nancy会拉小提琴,而我也会。) violin9vaIE5lInShe is smart. So she is. (她很聪明。她的确如此。) smartsmartShe is smart. So is he. (她很聪明。他
40、也是。)such 有“那样的事物(人)”之意,可当代名词、形容词,也可用于单复数。例:1. They will plant flowers such as roses, sunflowers. (他们将种些花,例如玫瑰,向日葵。) roseroz 2. I dont know such a man. (我不认识这样的人。) such (+a/an) (+形容词)+ 名词same 一般都加the,表示“相同的(事物)”之意。例:l. A: Can I have a cup of coffee, please? (请给我杯咖啡好吗?)B: Give me the same, please. (我也
41、要咖啡。)2. He uses the same book as I do. (他使用和我相同的课本。) 不定代名词表示不特定的人或物,或者是表示非一定数量的代名词,称作不定代名词。有时也具有形容词的用法。例:1. Some of the boys like English. (这些男孩当中有些喜欢英文)(代名词)2. Some boys like English. (有些男孩喜欢英文)(形容词)one /onesone = a/an+单数名词,用来指不特定的人或物。如果不特定的人或物是多数时,则用ones。例:1. I have lost my watch and I have to buy one (=a watch). (我弄丢了我的表,我必须再买一只。)2. I like small cars better than large ones (=cars). (我喜欢小车胜于大车。) good-better-bestone = a/an+单数名词 it = the+单数名词例:1. Here are some apples. Take one. (这里有些苹果。拿一个吧!)2. I b
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