英语修辞学例子(29页).doc
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1、-英语修辞学例子-第 29 页高考复习(精品):英语修辞和英语修辞学例子修辞格(Figures of Speech) 英语修辞学分为广义修辞学(Broad Stylistic Context)和狭义修辞学。广义修辞学涉及语体和体裁(Style and Type of Writing)等问题。狭义修辞学(Narrow Stylistic Context)主要涉及各种修辞手法,即修辞格(Stylistic Devices, Rhetorical Devices or Figures of Speech)的问题。 英语常用修辞格分为词义上的修辞格(Lexical Stylistic Devices)
2、、句子结构上的修辞格(Syntactic Stylistic Devices)和音韵上的修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)三大类。(红色为10级讲过)一、Simile(明喻) Simile一词源于拉丁语Similis,意为like。它根据人们的联想,利用不同事物之间的相似点,借助比喻词(如like,as等)起连接作用,清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物。Simile的运用非常广泛,它可借以状物、写景、抒情、喻理,使表达生动形象,明白易懂。 (一)Simile的构成 Simile通常由三部分构成:本体(tenor or subject)、喻体(vehicle or re
3、ference)和比喻词(comparative word)。如: My love is like a red red rose. tenor comparative word vehicle 注:本体和喻体一般为两个不同类的事物,比喻方可成立。例如: John is as tall as his father. Comparative sentence John is as tall as a Maypole (五月柱). Simile 例不算明喻,只是一个比较句,因为John 和 his father同类,例是明喻,因为本体和喻体不同类。 (二)Simile的格式1. like型:系动词+
4、like 实意动词+like Eg. He works like an ox. (实意动词+like)2. as型:asas asso Eg. As the lion is the king of beasts, so is the eagle king of birds. 鹰为百鸟之王,犹如狮是百兽之王。3. 虚拟句型:as if as though Eg. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez. 这匹马真骏,看起来仿佛是从一幅维拉斯奎茨的油画里跑出来
5、的一样。4. what型:A is to B what X is to Y what X is Y, A is to B what A calls B, X calls YEg. Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 阅读之于思想,如同锻炼之于身体。 What the caterpillar (毛毛虫) calls “the end”, the butterfly calls “the beginning”. (现代大学英语第二册P153)5. than型 Eg. A fool can no more see his own
6、folly that he can see his ears. 愚人之不能自知其愚,犹如不能自知其耳。二、Metaphor(隐喻、暗喻)Metaphor也是一种比喻手法,但与Simile相比形式简练,表达含蓄,无需用比喻词,而是直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。Metaphor常被称为compressed simile(简缩了的明喻)Metaphor的运用极为广泛,格式灵活多样,它可体现在任何句子成分上。在表达上,它可以是一个单词、一个词组、一个句子,甚至是一个段落。大体来说,Metaphor可分为两类:显式隐喻和隐式隐喻。本、喻体都出现的Metaphor被称为显式隐喻,只出现喻体或只出现本体的M
7、etaphor常被称为隐式隐喻。(一)Metaphor常见的格式1、名词型Metaphor (1)判断式Metaphor 例:All the worlds a stage. (整个世界就像一个舞台。) (2)并列式Metaphor 例:A word and a stone let go cant be recalled. 说出去的话像泼出去的水,再也收不回。 (3)of型Metaphor:属于修饰性暗喻,有的是本体与of连用修饰喻体,有的是喻体与of连用修饰本体。例:A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic.一位警察抬手要我从长蛇阵般的车
8、流中出来。 (4)名词型隐式Metaphor 例:Nights candles are burnt out2、动词型Metaphor 喻体不出现,直接用表示喻体行为、性状的动词与本体搭配使用,属隐式隐喻。这种Metaphor常以主谓形式出现。 例:Some book are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。3、形容词型Metaphor 喻体或与喻体相关的形容词修饰本体,作本体的前置定语。例:He has the microwave smil
9、e that warms another person without heat. (二)Metaphor与汉语借代和拟物1、有些Metaphor与汉语借代类似。当Metaphor只出现喻体,未出现本体时,Metaphor与汉语借代类似。例如:Would you buy her (Beatrine), that you inquire after her? Can the world buy such jewel? 你打听她(比阿特丽丝)的事,是想要把她买下了吗? 难道全世界能买下这样的宝石吗? 2、有些Metaphor与汉语拟物类似。动词型Metaphor(喻体不出现,直接用表示喻体行为、性
10、状的动词与本体搭配使用,即把甲事物当成乙事物来描写)与汉语拟物类似。如:Some book are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 再如: His present hunger awoke and gnawed (/n:/) at him. 当前他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。三、Personification(拟人)Personification是一种将物当作人来描写的修饰手法。其具体用法是把通常仅用于描写人的各类词移用于描写物,赋予各种物(包括有生命和无生命的,抽象的和具体的)
11、以人类所特有的言行、品质、思想和感情。这样能增强语言表达的感染力和生动性,使被描写的对象栩栩如生,活灵活现。例:Mosquitoes were using my ankles for filling stations. 蚊子们把我的脚脖子当作加油站。Laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him. 懒惰缓缓而行,贫穷迎头赶上。*例形象地说明了懒惰就要受穷的道理Personification可用于描写除人以外的各种事物,包括动物、植物、自然现象、物体、抽象事物等等。它运用广泛,尤其常见于童话、神话、寓言、诗歌、散文等文学作品
12、。拟人与比喻、借代的区别:比喻是以此喻彼,借代是以此代彼,都还是两个事物;拟人(以物拟人)则是彼此交融、合而为一了。这是主要的区别。四、Metonymy(借代)It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words,
13、it involves a “change of name”, the substituted name suggesting the thing meant.Metonymy can be derived from various sources-from names of persons, from animals, professions, locations or place names, etc. as illustrated below:这种修辞方式是故意不用人或事物的本称,而借与该人或物密切相关的事物的名称来代替,即借乙名代甲称。Metonymy中两个互相借代的事物必然紧密相关,
14、存在某种现实的联系。Metonymy的重要作用是使表达简练、具体、生动、有趣。借代的方式主要有以下一些:1、以事物的特征或标志代替事物本身。如:A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts.千条汉子能共处。两个婆娘难相容。2、以事物的所在代事物本身(以容器代内容)。如:The hall applauded. 大厅里响起了掌声。3、以工具代替动作或行动者。The pen is mightier than the sword.笔杆子比刀剑更有力。(“笔杆子”代“写文章”,“刀剑”代“动武”。)4、以作者或生产者代作品或产品
15、The captainhad fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare.船长得到了一整套的莎士比亚作品。5、以有密切关系的一物代另一物The camp, the pulpit(/ pulpit / )and the lawFor rich mens sons are free (Shelly)兵营,布道坛和法律保障有钱人的子孙无忧无虑。(用兵营代替军队,布道坛代替宗教。)6、具体代抽象或抽象代具体In the present instance, it was sickness and poverty together that she cam
16、e to visit. 在目前这种情况下,她一并前来探望的是病人和穷人。七、Irony(反语)Irony is a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which mainly aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasm.Irony即说反语,是一种通过正话反说或反话正说来取得讽刺、幽默等修辞效果的修辞方式。有些人认为Irony就是讽刺,这是一种误解。Irony作为一般词语,有时有讽刺的意思,但是作为修
17、辞学术语,就只能称之为反语。说反话固然常常用来进行讽刺,但有时却只是一种善意的幽默,毫无讽刺的意味。另一方面,进行讽刺也不一定要说反语。例:The public is wonderful tolerantit forgives everything except genius. 世人是宽大得惊人的除天才之外,他们宽一切。(具有讽刺意味的Irony)It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning. 要是早晨起来不知道是什么时间那才妙了呢。(故事情节是一位油漆工人担心早晨不知时间,上班迟到会被开
18、除,心想那就“糟了”,却说成“妙了”。这是反语,却没有讽刺任何人。)八Euphemism(委婉语)Euphemism: substitution of mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or direct one; substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. Euphemism: gilded(装饰的) words for topics such as
19、death, illness, old age, weight, defects (缺陷), toilet habits etc. for taboo to avoid embarrassments, avoid being crude or indecent; gilded words in political and military movement to cover up the truth, in certain professions to beautify thename.Euphemism指的是已较文雅、悦耳或温婉的说法代替粗野、刺耳或直露的说法的一种修辞格。1. 有关疾病、残
20、疾、衰老、死亡的委婉语 under the weather (在恶劣天气条件下指健康欠佳) go west (西去) pass away (离去) return to dust (归于尘土指死亡)2. 有关人体、排泄、性爱、生育的委婉语in ones birthday suit (身着生日服装表示赤身裸体) make a noise (放屁) do it (干那种事指性交)answer the call of nature (应付自然本能之需指大小便)sleep around (到处睡觉指乱搞男女关系) 3. 有关社会职业、社会问题的委婉语 domestic engineer (家庭工程师指家
21、庭妇女) do time (度过时光指服刑) to lie down (躺下指抽大烟) to walk the last mile (指上刑场)4. 有关政治、经济、军事、外交的委婉语 eyes only (只准用眼指绝密文件) air support (空中支持指轰炸) knock doors (到处敲门指游说议员)九 Hyperbole(夸张) Hyperbole,也叫Overstatement或Exaggeration,是一种故意夸大其词或言过其实的修辞手法,其特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写。1. 按性质,Hyperbole可分为扩大夸张(Extended Hyper
22、bole)和缩小夸张(Reduced Hyperbole)两类。 扩大夸张是将描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征性的东西说得特别高,特别大;缩小夸张正好相反。 His eloquence would split rocks! (他的雄辩之利,能劈磐石) 扩大夸张 It is the last straw that breaks the camels back. (骆驼负载过重,加根稻草就能压死) 缩小夸张2. 按构成方式,Hyperbole可分为五类: 1)用数词表示的夸张 One father is more than a hundred school masters. (一个父亲的作用
23、胜于100个教师。)2)用动词、名词、形容词等表示的夸张 Its a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day. (今天阳光明媚,躲在家中实在太遗憾了/ 是一种犯罪。)3)用形容词比较级和最高级等表示的夸张 The most effective water power in the world is-womens tear. (世界上最有效的水力是女人的眼泪。)4)用虚拟语气表示的夸张He knew how to work and citadels would go down before.(他懂得怎么干活,那么就是城堡也会在他面前倒塌下去。)5
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- 英语 修辞学 例子 29
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