英语词汇学笔记整理(22页).doc

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1、-英语词汇学笔记整理-第 22 页英语词汇学笔记整理Part 1 前缀(Prefixes)1. Negative prefixesa-;an-缺少、缺乏amoral(缺德) asexual(雌雄同体的) asymmetry(不均匀的)anarchy(无政府的)dis-否、不dishonestnon-非、否non-black(非黑人区的) non-science non-smoker nonresistant(非抵抗)in-；i-；im-；ir-completeincomplete correctincorrect小结：清辅音k,f,t前的前缀加in-;唇音之前加im-;“l”前加il-;“r”

2、前加ir-。所以加什么样的前缀由单词的首字母决定。un-不unhappy unfriendly infamous2. Pejorative prefixes 表贬义mal-不好的，坏的maltreat(虐待) malformed(畸形的) malnutrition(营养不良的) malfunction(功能紊乱)mis-错误的misdial(拨错号) misleading(误导) misbehaved(行为不规范) misconception(错误的认知)pseudo-错，假的pseudoscience(伪科学) pseudo teaching(实习)3. Reversative prefix

3、es 表逆转的前缀de-defrost(除霜) deplane(下飞机) deindustrialization(非工业化的) decode(解码)dis- 表示动作的逆转disconnect(切断) dishearten(泄气) disown(抛弃)4. Prefixes of degree or sizearch- means “most”supreme”常带有贬义archenemy archbishop(红衣大主教) arch monetarist(拜金主义者)co- “joint” or “equally”coexistence(共存的) combine colleague corre

4、spondence(通信联系)小结：co-这个前缀根据所跟单词的首字母而发生变化在元音前加co-；-b-p之前用com-;-l之前用col-;-f-c-g前用con-;-r之前用cor- hyper-means “extreme” hyperactive(过于活跃的) hyper cautious(过分小心的) mini-means “little” minibus miniskirt ministered minimal maxi-means “big” maxi coat maxi skirt out-means “surpassing”,程度多，超过 outclass(优质的) outl

5、ive(长寿的) outgrow over-means “excessive” 相当的，带贬义 overeat overweight overestimate(高估) overwork overjoyed(欣喜若狂的) overflow(溢出) sub- 亚，次的 subculture(亚文化) subtext(潜台词) subconscious(潜意识) subsonic(低音速) super- 超级 supernatural(超自然的) superman sur- means “over and above” 超 surcharge(额外收费) surtax(附加税) surreal(超现

6、实) ultra- 相当，非常 ultramodern ultraconservative(非常保守的) ultrasonic(超音速) ultraviolet(紫外线) under- 低于 undercharged underestimate(低估)5. Prefixes of orientation and attitudeanti- means “against” 反anticlockwise(逆时针) anti-aging(抗衰老的) antibacterial(抗菌的) antineutron(反中子)contra- means “opposite”, “contrasting”co

7、ntradiction conrafactualcounter- means “against”, “in opposition to”counterattack counterexample countercurrent(逆电流)pro- 支持，站在一方pro-European pro-student6. Locative prefixes 表示方位的前缀fore- 前部forearm foreground forehead forewordinter- means “between”, “among” 在之间international intermarry(近亲结婚) internetsu

8、b- means “under”submarine(潜水艇) subway sublet(转租)super- means “above”superstructure(上层建筑物)trans- means “across”transform(变形) transplant transcontinental(跨州的)7. Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序的前缀ex- means “former” 以前的ex-husband ex-president fore- 表时间foresee(预见) foretell(预言)post- means “after”postmo

9、dernism(后现代的) postwar(战后) posttretment(复建)pre- 在之前preschooler(学龄前儿童) prehistory(史前史) pre-liberation(解放前)8. Number prefixesbi-;di- means “two” 双bimonthly(双月的) bicycle(自行车) bilingual(双语的) bigamy(重婚) dioxide(二氧化物) disyllable(双音节)multi-;poly- means “many” 多，几个multi-national polygamy(一夫多妻制) polyandry(一妻多

10、夫制)semi-;demi-;hemi- means “half” 半semiliterate(半文盲) demigod(半人半神) hemisphere(半球) semivowel(半元音)tri- 三triangle(三角形) tricycle(三轮车) trinity(三维一体) trilingual(三语的)uni-; mono- means “one” 单一的uniform monogamy(一夫一妻制) monologue(独自)9. Neo- Classical prefixes 与科技有关的auto- means “self”autobiography(自传) autosugg

11、estion(自荐) autocrat(独裁)extra- 超的extraordinary(特殊的) extraterrestrial(外星的)neo- means “new” 新的neo-Nazi(新纳粹党) neo-impressionism(新映像派)pan- means “all”, “world-wide”pan-Americanism 泛美主义proto- means “first”, ”original” 原始的，最初的protohistory(史前人类学) prototype(原型，典型)tele- means “distant” 远程的telescope telegram t

12、elevisionPart 2 Suffixation 后缀1. Noun suffixes1 noun + noun suffixes, abstract 由此类词缀构成的名词表示抽象的概念-age means “measure of” or “collection of”Baggage luggage percentage(集合名词，百分比，不能和数字直接连用) mileage(里程)-dom means “the state of being”kingdom officialdom(官僚) stardom(明星地位)-ery, -ryslavery nunnery(尼姑庵) nurser

13、y refinery(精炼)-ful means “the amount contained”handful mouthful spoonful-hood means “the state” or “time of being something”childhood boyhood brotherhood neighborhood widowhood-ing means “material of” or “activity connected with”carpeting matting tubing blackerring-ism means “doctrine of”Impressioni

14、sm(映像派) optimism pessism idealism materialism-ocracy means “government by”democracy(民主)-ship relationship friendship dictatorship(独裁主义)2 noun + noun suffixes, concrete 由此类词缀构成的名词表示具体的概念-eer means “skilled in”auctioneer(拍卖师) engineer mountaineer-er means “having doininant characteristics ”teenager vi

15、llager Londoner cooker roaster-ess means “a female”actress hostess lioness tigress在masculine(阳性)名词后加- essauthor : authoress 女作家heir : heiress 女性继承人host : hostess 女主人lion : lioness 雌狮例外：actor : actress 女演员hunter : huntress 女猎人tiger : tigress 母老虎negro : negress 女黑人master : mistress 女主人/情妇（concubine 二奶

16、）prince : princess 公主murderer : murderess 女杀手masculine(阳性) 与feminine 完全不同bachelor 单身汉maid 少女bull 公牛cow 母牛cock 公鸡hen 母鸡dog 狗bitch 母狗gentleman 男士lady 女士horse 马mare 母马king 国王queen 王后monk 和尚nun 尼姑nephew 外甥niece 外甥女在名词前后加上性别名词man-servantmaid-servantcock-sparrowhen-sparrowhe-goatshe-goattom-catshe-catpeac

17、ockpeahen-let means “small” 小booklet piglet starlet-ling means “minor” or “off spring of” 小，后代duckling princeling-ster means “involved in”gamester(means a person who plays a game for money) gangster(黑帮)3 verb + noun suffix 加在动词后的名词后缀-ant means “a person or thing”informant consultant(顾问) inhabitant l

18、ubricant(润滑剂)-ee means “one who is object of the verb”interviewee nominee(被提名者) trainee-er, -or means “a person or thing”Driver teacher silencer(消音器) computer-al means “the action on result of”arrival refusal revival -ation means “the process or state of”classification(分类) interpretation(分析) explana

19、tion globalization(全球化) explorationPart 3 转类法词形不变，词性改变Assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form.eg: 1. He designed to be a scientist.1. He had a desire to be a scientist.Zero derivation 零派生eg: smokeThe smoke from the chimney. (noun.) He smokes a pipe. (verb.) Lets have a sm

20、oke. (noun.)英语词类的转化一般是简单词补充：breakfast 的来历 在阿拉伯，fasting为斋月，从breakfast的结构看来，意为“打破斋戒”的意思，在晚餐和早餐之间的时间较长，而吃早餐就像打破了一个小型的斋戒。Conversion to nounA. 表示一种心理状态或感情doubt: I doubt that. She has doubts on her boyfriend behavior.love: I will never love you.Love is like a red red rose.补充： smell a rat 发现了蛛丝马迹 B. 表示一件事或

21、行为 search: The policeman searched every corner. The search was in vain. laugh: We couldnt stop laughing. When I mentioned him, he let out a lovely laugh. C. 表示所给动作的受动者 answer: No one answered the door. You didnt give me your answer. bet : I bet you 5 dollars that they will win. I won my bet. D. 表示所给

22、动作的施动者 bore: Politics bore me nowadays. He became a bore.(讨厌鬼) cheat: He always cheats at cards. A cheat is a person who cheats. E. 表示所给动作的使用工具 cover: I covered the table with a cloth. The cloth is a cover.补充词：hen-pecked 妻管严 a cure 疗法 a wrap 包裹物 F. 表示所给动作的态势 walk: He walks just like his father. His

23、walk is just like his father. G. 表示所给动作的发生地点 divide: This is the place where the two river divide. This is the divide between the two river. great divide 伟大的分水岭（暗指离婚） rise: Smoke rose from the factory chimney. Adj. to noun一些表示有某种信仰，某一国籍或者某些特征的人称名词很多都来自形容词a Christian 基督徒的 a white 白人 a daily 日报shorts

24、短裤 the poor 穷人 new rich 暴发户the sick 病人一般在前面带有定冠词的总是作为一个整体Conversion to verb1. Noun to verb 名词转化为动词1) to put in/on N.bottle n.瓶子 to bottle (to put in a bottle)garage n.车库 to garageto list 把列表 to cage 把装进笼子to can 装罐头 to corner 使走投无路2) to provide with N. 给予，提供to shelter (to give shelter to ) 掩护，遮蔽to fu

25、el 加燃料to finance 提供财力to arm 武装3) to deprive of N. 去掉to core 挖去果心 to skin剥皮 to juice 榨汁4) to be/out as N. 这一类动词表示名词指的是人或动物的典型动作to nurse 护理 to tutor 辅导 to father 像父亲般的对待to ape 模仿 to monkey 胡闹2. Minor categories(1) But me no buts. 不要给我再但是了！(2) His speech contains too many ifs.(3) The book is a must for

26、 students in science.(4) It tells about the how and why of flight.(5) This is the age of isms.(6) The pros and cons. (正方和反方)一些固定短语the haves and have-nots 有钱人和没有钱的人ins and outs 来龙去脉ifs and buts 借口，托词ifs and therefores 条件和结果hows and whys 情况和原因has-been 过时的人物out 出路转类法有时候会使单词的重音发生变化【1】 读音的变化以/s/, /f/, /结

27、尾的名词在转类为动词时发音变化为/z/, /v/, /Noun Verb abuse abuse use use advice advise belief believe house house 【2】 重音的变化动词转类为名词时，重音由第二个提到第一个Verb Noun accent accent insult insult present present import import digest digest Part 4 剪切法1. Clipped wordShortening a word without changing its meaning2. Acronym A word is

28、 formed from the initial letterClipped words1) Front clipping 对词的消剪发生在词的前部Phonetelephone planeairplane burgerhamburger 2) Back clipping 对词的消剪发生在词的尾部Adadvertisement photophotography mikemicrophone Gentgentlemen3) Front and back clipping 对词的消剪同时发生在词的前部和尾部fluinfluenza tecdetective fridgerefrigerator sc

29、riptprescription4) Middle clipping 对词的消剪发生在词的中部mathsmathematics specsspectacles5) Phrase clipping 将一个短语消剪为一个词pubpublic house pop-singerpopular song singerthree Dthree dimensional filmIQintelligence quotientEQemotion quotientAQadversity quotient6) Journalist clippings 用于新闻媒体的消剪Dept.department cwlthco

30、mmonwealthAcronym BBC: British Broadcasting CorporationVIP: Very important personIOC: International Olympics CommitteeUN: The United NationID: Identification CardTOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign LanguageNATO: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome生活中的英文缩写

31、WC water closet 抽水马桶CCTV China Centurial Television 中国中央电视台MTV music television 音乐电视ATM automated teller machine 自动提款机CBD central business district 中心商务区EMS express mail service 邮政快递 SOS save our ship 求救信号CEO chief executive officer 首席执行官 与电脑网络有关的英文缩写DVD digital video disk 数字视盘DOS disc operating sys

32、tem 磁盘操作系统VCD video compact disc 视频压缩盘片PK player killing 一对一单挑IT information technology 信息技术新闻中的英文缩写GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值 UFO unidentified flying object 不明飞行物TMD theater missile defense 战区导弹防御系统NMD national missile defense 国家导弹防御系统FBI federal bureau of investigation 联邦调查局（针对美国境内）CIA gene

33、ral intelligence agency 中央情报局（针对美国以外） Part 5 拼缀法(blending)一个词失去部分或者各个词都失去部分音节连成的一个新词1） 新单词由第一个单词的首部 + 第二个单词的尾部brunchbreakfast + lunchOxbridgeOxford + Cambridgesmogsmoke + fogmotelmotor + hotelbotelboat + hotelChinglishChinese + EnglishJaplishJapanese + English2） 新单词由第一个单词 + 第二个单词的构成spaceplanespace +

34、 airplanetraveloguetravel +catalogue3） 新单词由第一个词的首部 + 第二个单词构成medicaremedical + caremedicaidmedical + aidEuroasiaEuropean + Asia4） 新单词由第一个单词首部 + 第二个单词首部构成AmerindAmerican + IndianInterpolinternational + policeSic-fiscience + fiction Part 6 类比法(new words by analogy)marathontelethon; talkathonsunrisemoon

35、rise; earthriseearthquakestarquake; youthquakechairmanchairwoman; chairpersonhousewifehousehusband hamburgercheeseburgerPart 7 特色英语词汇A中文 英文 AA制 Dutch treatment; go Dutch 爱国者导弹 Patriot missile 爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog. 艾滋病 AIDS; acquired immune deficiency syndrome 安家费 setting-in allowance 安乐死 euthan

36、asia（正式的）; mercy killing 安全第一，预防为主 Safety first, precaution crucial. 安慰奖 consolation prize 暗恋 unrequited love 澳门特别行政区 the Macao Special Administrative Region 中文 英文 B超 type-B; ultrasonic 吧台 bar counter 八字还没一撇 Nothing tangible is yet in sight. 八卦 Eight Diagrams; bagua 拔河 tug-of-war 白金汉宫 Buckingham Pal

37、ace（英国皇宫） 百慕大三角 Bermuda Triangle 白热化 white heat 摆脱贫困 shake off poverty 百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing 摆架子 put on air 白马王子 Prince Charming 白雪公主 Snow White 半成品 semi-manufactured 颁奖大会 award presentation 斑马线 Zebra crossing 搬运工人 transport worker 傍大款 Find a sugar daddy; lean on a moneybag 暴发户 new rich 曝光 expo

38、se; make public 保护主义 protectiononism 保健品 health care products 爆冷门 a dark horse 保龄球 bowling 保释 on bail 保税区 Tariff-free zone 包修、包换、包赔制度 System of three guarantees for repair, replacement or compensation of faulty products. 保质期、保修期 guarantee period 包装精美 delicately packed 保安 securing stuff 包二奶 have a co

39、ncubine（妃子，小妾） 暴利 windfall profit 被动吸烟 passive smoking; second-hand smoking 背黑锅 become a scapegoat 笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start. 被摘牌的公司 delisted-company 本土化 localization 奔小康 Strive for a relatively comfortable life. 蹦迪 disco dancing 蹦极 bungee 闭关政策 closed-door policy 闭卷 closed-book

40、exam 比基尼 bikini 闭路电视 close-circuit television 闭门羹 Given an cold shoulder 避嫌 Avoid doing anything that may arouse suspicion. 毕业设计 graduation design 变相涨价 disguised inflation 便衣警察 Police in plain clothes 边远地区 remote areas 贬值 devalue 标准普通话 standard mandarin 冰雕 ice sculpture 兵马俑 Tena-cotta army 博导 PhD su

41、pervisor 伯乐 good judge of talent 薄利多销 Small profit, large sale volume 博彩（业） lottery industry 不安全性行为 Unprotected sex 步步高升 Promoting to a higher position 不见不散 Be there or be square 不可再生资源 non-renewable resources 不眠之夜 white light 不惹是非 Stay out of trouble/let sleeping dog lie 不速之客 gate-rusher 不遗余力 Spare

42、 no effort 不倒翁 tumbler; never-fall doll 英文 裁军 disarmament 菜鸟，新手 green hand; noob 才子佳人 gifted scholars and beautiful ladies 彩信 multimedia message 参拜靖国神社 Visit to the Yasukuni war shrine 餐巾纸 napkin 餐饮业 catering industry 餐桌转盘 lazy Susan 查封 close down 插嘴 chip in; interrupt 拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter by pay Paul 禅 dhyana（梵语） 产假 maternity leave(paternity)