翻译基本11汉语特殊句型的翻译.ppt

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1、翻译基础（十一）,Lecture 11 汉语特殊句型的翻译,Content,期末安排及考试复习范围 无主语句的翻译 把字句的翻译 被动句的翻译 否定句的翻译,学期结束前的课程内容,Week 15 练习讲解+汉语特殊句型 Week 16 汉语特殊句型+语篇的理解与翻译 Week 17 文学文体语篇的英译汉以the story of an hour 为例 Week 18 文学文体的汉译英以立论为例,期末考试题型,I 英译汉句子翻译。20% II 汉译英句子翻译。20% III 选择最佳译文。10% IV. 改错。10% V. 英译汉段落翻译。20% VI. 汉译英段落翻译。20% 书本+课外练习

2、40% 课外 60%,汉语特殊句型的种类,无主语句 存现句 兼语句 是字句 把字句 被动句 否定句,I. 无主语句的翻译,汉语是主题显著的语言，其所突出的是主题而不是主语。 英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语。 汉语无主语句或主语省略句译成英语时应根据上下文增加主语或变换句式。,无主语句的翻译方法,1. 增加主语 2. 译成被动句 3. 译成祈使句 4. 用无生物词语作主语 5. 译成非谓语结构,1.1 增加主语,1） 黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。 Pitch dark, I dont know whether it is day or night. 2) 采取积极措施，促进全社会固定资产投资

3、较快增长。 We will adopt vigorous measures to promote rapid expansion of total fixed asset investment.,1.1 增加主语,汉语中有泛指人称句，好像是说话人对读者或听者发出的一种劝告、警告、命令、行为指示，或是对一种社会现象的描述和评论。翻译时需要补上泛指意义的人称代词或名词。 1） 只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的错误。 Being very careful, you can avoid making unnecessary mistakes.,2) 知己知彼，百战百胜；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不

4、知己，每战必殆。 You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but are in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you are in the dark about both the enemy and yourself.,1.2 译成被动句,1） 实

5、施科教兴国战略取得新进展，各项社会事业全面进步。 Fresh progress was made in implementing the strategy of developing the country through science, technology and education and all social undertakings developed. 2) 禁止任何方法对公民进行侮辱和诽谤。 Insult or slander against citizens in any form is prohibited. 3)大多数中学里都教英语。 English is being t

6、aught in most middle schools.,“It is + 过去分词+that 从句“ there + 动词+主语”,1) 希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。 It is hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future. 2) 自1983年以来，已经建立了一百多个这样的组织。 There have been established more than one hundred organizations of such kind

7、since 1983.,1.3 译成祈使句,有些口号式的句子，翻译时省略主语，译成英语祈使句。 1） 好好学习，天天向上 。 Study hard and make progress every day. 2) 学习好，工作好，身体好。 Study hard, work well, keep fit. 3) 继续为实现党的基本路线和历史任务而奋斗。 Continue to strive for the fulfillment of the basic line and historic mission of the Party.,1.4 用无生物词语作主语,英美人较强调客观，因而英语句子常以物

8、或抽象概念作主语。汉语无主语句译成英语时，视句子具体情况，也可用无生物词作主语。 1） 真没想到他是个不诚实的人。 It has never occurred to me that he is a dishonest man. 2) 在历史上，由于长江不断改道在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。 The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan. 3) 气得那些农民直跺脚。 It sent the pe

9、asants into a fit of rage.,1. 5 译成非谓语结构,在政府文件中，无主句作小标题或一段话的主题时，往往译成英语的非谓语结构形式。 1） 巩固和加强农业基础地位，千方百计增加农民收入。 Consolidating and strengthening the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy and doing everything possible to increase farmers incomes. 2) 调整和优化产业结构，不断提高经济运行的质量和效益。 Carrying out

10、industrial restructuring to bring about steady improvement in economic performance.,无主句,当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。英语注重句子结构整齐，句中不能没有主语，只好采用被动式或其他句式，以便于把实施者省略或隐含起来。 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured. 为什么总把这些

11、麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me? 注意看看信的地址是否写对了。 Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.,主语泛称句,当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采用通称（generic person）或泛称（如“人”、“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“人家”、“别人”、“某人”等）作主语，以保持句子的主动形式。 1） 人们常常指责他优柔寡断，虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。 He has often, not always ju

12、stly, been accused of indecisiveness. 2) 有人听见呼救的声音。 Voice were heard calling for help. 3) 众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。 It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 4）有人问她感觉如何，她说：“呼吸困难。” When asked how she felt, she said: “ Im having trouble breathing.” 5）人们必须联系世界环境去认识和研究

13、人口控制问题。 The problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in a world environmental context.,II. 被动句的翻译,汉语句表示被动意义的句型主要有两种：一种是显性被动句，即句中有”被、为、叫、让、给、受、由、遭、遇、挨、为所”等助词、助动词和介词为标志；另一类是隐性被动句，它没有形式标志，要通过内容来判断。这种表示被动意义而没有被动形式的句子在汉语里相当多。,2.1 显性被动句,现代汉语受西方语言的影响，“被字句”的使用范围有所扩大，有时也可以用来表达并非不如意的事

14、，如 “被选为工会主席”、“被评为先进工作者”等，但大多数被动意义不用被动式。 庄稼让大水冲跑了。 The crops were washed away by the flood. 这股敌人全给游击队消灭了。 The whole horde of enemy soldiers was wiped out by the guerrillas. 这家工厂在地震中遭到严重的破坏。 This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake.,2.2 当然被动句,根据汉人的思维习惯，人的行为，必然是由人来完成的，事或物不可能完成人的行为。这种不言而

15、喻的思维模式使人们在表达时常常把施事者隐含起来，而把注意力击中在受事者及行为本身，因此，受事者便充当了主语。 昨晚我盖了两条被子。 Last night I was covered up with two quilts. 这锅饭能吃十个人。 A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people. 一匹马骑两个人。 Two persons rode one horse. 困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。 The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the proble

16、m solved.,2.3 某些转换式来表达被动意义,2.3.1 处置式（即“把字式“或”“将字式”） 不要把这些问题混在一起。 These questions should not be confused. 利用发电机，可以将机械能再变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator. 一九六四年十月，中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，这把基辛格吓了一跳。 Kissinger was alarmed by Chinas first atomic blast in October, 1

17、964.,2.3.2 “为所”式,茅屋为秋风所破。 The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm. 她被花言巧语所陶醉。 She is intoxicated with sweet words. 社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。 Socialist ideology has been accepted by all the people of the country.,2.3. 3 “是的”式， 表示状态的静句，通常可以与表示动作的动句互相转换。 这些产品是我国制造的。 These products are made in our

18、 country. 风速是用秒米表示的。 The speed of wind is expressed in metres by second. 2.3.4 “的是” 式，一般可以与“由的”式互相转换。 推荐我的是一位教授。 I was recommended by a professor. 接见他的是一位秘书。 He was received by a secretary.,2.3.5 “加以、予以”式，组成倒置的动宾结构 1) 这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。 This question will be discussed in the next chapter. 2) 这必须在适当的时候予以

19、处理。 It must be dealt with at the appropriate time. 3） 该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。 The plan will be examined by a special committee.,III 否定句的翻译,汉语否定句译成英语否定句 汉语否定句译成英语肯定句 汉语的双重否定句译为英语的双重否定句 翻译汉语否定句时应注意的事项,3.1 译成英语否定句,1） 我说的没她那么流利。 I am not able to speak so fluently as she does. 2） 任何语言都不能描写那景色。 No words can des

20、cribe the scene. 3)心不在焉，视而不见，听而不闻，食而不知其味。 When the mind is not present, we look and do not see; we hear and do not understand; we eat and do not know the taste of what we eat.,3.2 译成英语肯定句,1） 阅览室内不得高声喧哗。 Keep quiet in the reading room, please. 2) 学习对于头脑，如同食物对于身体一样不可缺少。 Study to the mind is as necessa

21、ry as food to the body. 3) 风景之美，非任何言语所能形容。 The beauty of the scenery passes all power of description. 4) 他衣服没脱就跳入水中，把孩子救了上来。 He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children.,5) 她抱怨名单上没有她的名字。 She complained about the omission of her name from the list. 6) 我的作文几乎没什么语法错误。 There are few g

22、rammatical mistakes in my composition. 7) 到处找不到这本书。 This book is nowhere to be found. 8) 他们宁愿要哪个蓝色的，不愿要绿的。 They would rather have the blue one than the green one.,3.3 双重否定句,1）没有经常训练，你们队不能获胜。 Your team cannot win the game without regular training. 2) 他说这话并非没有理由。 It is not without reason that he has s

23、aid so. 3) 没有一个人读了这篇小说而不感动得流泪。 No one can read the story without being moved to tears. 4) 不尝辛苦不知甜。 No sweet without sweat.,3.4 翻译汉语否定句时应注意的事项,1. 当把汉语否定句译成英语否定句时，要注意否定成分的转移，使译文符合英语表达习惯的需要。在汉语否定句翻译为英语中，如碰到表示信念或推测意义的动词做谓语时，很少用否定宾语从句或动词不定式的宾补形式，而是用否定谓语形式。英语中表示臆想和猜测的动词think, believe, expect, guess, image

24、, suppose, feel, consider等，如果带有否定的宾语从句或动词不定式宾补形式，否定词经常提前，用来否定主语的谓语动词。,例子,1）人们通常认为空气没有重量。 Ordinarily one does not believe air to have weight. 2） 她觉得她再也不能忍受她丈夫的侮辱。 She doesnt feel that she can stand her husbands insult any longer. 3）她来这儿不是为了求得我们的帮助。 He did not come here to ask us for our help. 4） 我认为这

25、不值得一试。 I dont think this is worth trying.,3.4.2 要注意区别汉语和英语否定句中的部分否定和完全否定。,当汉语否定句表示完全否定意义时，英语必须用全否定词语，如none, neither, nothing, nobody, noany, not either等。当汉语否定句表示部分否定时，英语译句中的否定概念通常由all, every, both, whole, much, always, some 等词加not搭配在一起的部分否定表示。,例句,1） 这两本书都不是英国出版的。 Neither of the books is published in

26、 England. 2）我不同意所有这些方案。 I agree to none of these projects. 3）所有这些方案我并不都同意。 I dont agree to all of these projects. 4) 并非人人生来富有。 Not everyone is born rich.,3.4.3 翻译汉语否定疑问句时要注意表达的区别。,汉语的否定疑问句，如果答案是否定的需要用肯定词“是”，“对”来对否定疑问句的意思予以肯定，然后给出否定的答案；如果答案是肯定的则需要用否定词“不”来对否定疑问句的意思给予否定，然后给出肯定的答案。 英语的否定疑问句恰恰与之相反。如果答案是否

27、定的，就用否定词“no”，然后给出否定的答案；如果答案是肯定的，就用肯定词”yes“,然后给出肯定的答案。 汉语的回答是针对问题本身，而英语的回答是针对事实本身。因此，在翻译汉语否定疑问句时，要注意英汉在这方面的区别。,例句,1） 你明天不去么？ 不，我去。 -Are you not going there tomorrow? -Yes, I am. 2) 你不知道这件事，是吧？ 对，我不知道。 -You didnt know anything about it, didnt you? -No, I didnt.,3.4.4 汉译英中的反转正,在有些情况下，常常用英语的肯定句来翻译汉语否定句，

28、如在公共场合的交通标志和公共告示，其语言简洁醒目，具有提醒和警示作用。对这类的汉语否定句，常译为英语肯定的形式，从而取得加强语气、简练醒目灯修辞效果。例如： 1） 不许动。 Stop/Freeze/Halt. 2) 请别打扰我。 Let me alone, please.,More examples,请勿大声喧哗。 Keep quiet. 勿用手摸。 Keep hands off. 不对公众开放。 Closed to public. 勿靠近车门。 Keep clear of door. (火车站台上)不准跨越红线。 Stay behind the red line.,3.4.5 汉译英中的正传

29、反,有一些情况下，由于汉语和英语两种语言的表达方式不一样，汉语的肯定句也要翻译成英语否定形式。 1） 我们一直谈到入睡。 We did not stop talking until we fell asleep. 2）行人止步。 No trespassing. 3) 今天我们的国家空前团结。 Never before had our country been united as it is today.,4) 必要时我一定帮助你。 I shall not fail to help you when necessary. 5) 我完全同意。 I couldnt agree more. 6) 做实

30、验越仔细越好。 We cannot be too careful in doing experiment.,翻译下面无主语句。,过河拆桥，忘恩负义绝对没有好下场。 Those who kick down the ladder will certainly come to no good end. 生了儿子，吃啥有啥；生了女儿，有啥吃啥。 If a woman gives birth to a boy, she eats what she wants, if to a girl, she just eats what there is. 必须仔细操作这样的仪器。 This instrument

31、must be handled with great care. 众所周知，五年来经济发展取得了显著成绩。 It is well known that marked success were attained in economic development over the past five years.,到下世纪中叶建国一百年时，基本实现现代化，建成富强民主文明的社会主义国家。 By the middle of the next century when the Peoples Republic celebrates its centenary, the modernization pro

32、gram will have been accomplished by and large and China will have become a prosperous, strong, democratic and culturally advanced socialist country. 保障妇女平等就业权利。 Guarantee womens right to equal employment.,加强社会保障服务。 Strengthen social security services. 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。 If things are not properly handled,

33、 our labour will be totally lost. 步行十分钟就到了旅馆。 A ten minutes walk brought us to the hotel. 积极发展社会事业和建设和谐社会。 Vigorously developing social understanding and building a harmonious society.,翻译下面的被动句。,他的言论被驳得体无完肤。 His argument was refuted down to the last point. 教育青少年被视为头等重要大事。 The education of the young

34、is seen to be of primary importance. 他们每日每时都受机器、受监工、尤其受厂主本人的奴役。 They are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and particularly, by the manufacturer himself. 这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。 This question will be discussed in the next chapter. 她叫大雨淋着了。 She was caught in the downpour.,翻译下面的否定句。,

35、我想他们今天不回来。 I dont think they will come today. 生活中充满了危险，但我们不一定能把这些危险都想得很清楚。 Life is full of dangers, but we do not always think them through. 他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。 His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused the accident. 你几乎把我吓得没魂了。 You almost frightened me out of my wits.,他提前三天到达是我们没有想到的。 His arr

36、ival three days in advance is beyond our expectation. 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 She is anything but a bright student. 动物没有水不能生存，植物没有水也不能生长。 Animals cannot live without water; neither can plants grow.,再好的理论如果不去实践，对一个学生来说也是无用的。 A good theory is of no use to a student who does not try to put it into practice. 凡是从前线回来的人，提起白求恩的名字，没有一个不佩服的，没有一个不为他的精神多感动。 No one who returned from the front failed to express admiration for Dr. Bethune whenever his name was mentioned and none remained unmoved by his spirit. 在收据尚未签字以前不得付款。 Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid.,