Glossary外国文学名著导读 (10).ppt

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1、Chapter 12 The Law, Police and Military,Learning objectives: After completing this part, students should familiarize themselves with The law, police and military.,1. The US law 2. The US legal system 3. The police 4. The military,Focal points:,1. The law,The law of the United States consists of many

2、 levels of codified (编纂的) and uncodified forms of law.,The Sources of Law,constitutional law statutory law administrative regulations the common law (which includes case law),1.1 The Constitution,The Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. It is the foundation and source of the legal a

3、uthority underlying the existence of the United States of America and the federal government of the United States.,Facts and Figures,the oldest written constitution adopted on September 17, 1787 amended twenty-seven times The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, called the Bill of Rights,The law

4、 of the United States was originally largely derived from the common law system of English las.,1.2 The Levels of Law,Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. Nearly all statutes h

5、ave been codified in the United States Code. Many statutes give the executive branch agencies the power to create regulations,1.2.1 Federal law,1.2.2 State law,The fifty American states are separate sovereign states with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts (including s

6、tate supreme courts).,1.2.3 Local law,States have delegated lawmaking powers to thousands of agencies, townships, counties, cities, and special districts.,What is the structure of the American legal system?,Question to ponder:,Hints ,Hints,The United States Constitution，the foundation of the federal

7、 government of the United States, is the basis of the U.S. legal system.The Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. All other law falls under and is subordinate to that document. No law may contradict the Constitution. Within the federal structure, each state has its own constitution,

8、statutes made by its own legislature, and a body of case law created by its own courts. So it can be said that instead of one uniform set of laws America has fifty one a set of laws for each of the fifty states and one for the federation.,2. The Police,The United State, based on federalism, does not

9、 have a national police force and national criminal law. It is the responsibility of the state and local governments to keep public peace and order. Each of the fifty state legislatures determines its own crime policy separately. Some states choose to have the death penalty while others avoid it. An

10、 exact definition of a national crime policy is difficult.,2.1 The FBI,The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the investigative arm of the US Department of Justice.,2.2 The CIA,The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an independent government organization, founded under the National Security

11、Act of 1947.有缘学习更多+谓ygd3076考证资料,Kaleidoscope,The September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon are widely regarded as terrorist acts. There is evidence of CIA involvement. See Michael Rupperts Suppressed Details of Criminal Insider Trading Lead Directly into the CIAs Highest Rank

12、s.,The CIA has been a terrorist organization from its beginnings, when it included a large number of former Nazis former members of the Gestapo and the Nazi military intelligence (such as Reinhard Gehlen). Unlike smaller terrorist organizations such as ETA the CIA does not normally engage in terrori

13、sm by sending its employees to plant bombs, etc. Rather, it tends to act through intermediaries and agents, sometimes making use of U.S. military personnel.,That the CIA is a terrorist organization is clear from its record of terrorist activities (sometimes called counterinsurgency or low intensity

14、conflict). Here are just a few examples:,During the Vietnam war the CIA conducted Operation Phoenix, an assassination program. The goal was not only to eliminate those Vietnamese who might oppose the U.S. (which in practice meant most of the population of Vietnam) but also to terrorize the entire po

15、pulation of South Vietnam and to suppress opposition to the occupying U.S. forces. Over 20,000 Vietnamese were murdered, often at random.,The CIA organized and financed (with the profits from its cocaine smuggling) the activities of the Contras in Nicaragua, who murdered tens of thousands of civilia

16、ns, and tried to disrupt the economy, in an attempt to destabilize the legitimate Sandinista government. (For this the U.S. was condemned in the World Court for engaging in international terrorism, and it rejected a U.N. security council resolution calling upon it to observe international law.),The

17、CIA also recruited a mercenary army in Vietnam (financed by profits from the CIAs heroin smuggling), particularly from among the Hmong villagers, which was used to terrorize the civilian population and to prevent them from assisting the Viet Cong.,The CIA planned and organized the military coup deta

18、t in 1973 in Chile which overthrew the legitimately elected government of Salvador Allende (because he would not implement economic policies designed in Washington to favor American corporations doing business in Chile) and brought to power the regime of General Augusto Pinochet; this regime abducte

19、d, tortured and killed thousands of Chilean citizens in an attempt to suppress opposition.,The CIA organized and supported the Turkish governments persecution of its Kurdish minority during the 1990s, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and millions of refuges; the aim being the suppression of

20、Kurdish culture and the elimination of Kurdish demands for a separate state.,3.The Military,The U.S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its manpower from a large pool of volunteers 43 percent of world military expenditures large quantities of advanced

21、 and powerful equipment,armed services of the US,The Army Navy Marine Corps Air Force Coast Guard,The U.S. Navy is the largest in the world. The U.S. Navy also has the worlds largest carrier fleet, with 11 in service and one under construction. 有缘学习更多+谓ygd3076考证资料,US Army,warcrafts,A US aircraft car

22、rier,The United States was the first country in the world to develop nuclear weapons, and is the only country to have actually used them as weapons in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II.,Research and Presentation,What are the US Militarys contributions to the international peacekeeping efforts?有缘学习更多+谓ygd3076考证资料,