Glossary外国文学名著导读 (2).ppt

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1、Chapter Three A Brief History of the UK,Learning objectives: After completing this part, students should obtain some more basic facts and detailed information about the history of Great Britain, from the earliest settlers on the British Isles, to Britain in the 20th century.,1. The Earliest Settlers

2、 on the British Isles 2. Roman Britain 3. Anglo-Saxon Britain 4. Norman Conquest 5. The Decline of Feudalism 6. The Bourgeois Revolution 7. The Industrial Revolution 8. The People s Charter Movement 9. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 10. Britain in the 20th century,Focal points:,the first kn

3、own settlers on the Britain Isles were the Iberians (Between 3000 and 2000 BC ),1. The Earliest Settlers on the British Isles,1.1 The Iberians,The Iberian Peninsula,The Iberian Peninsula in the 470s,Stonehenge,Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 2.0

4、 miles (3.2km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13km) north of Salisbury.,1.2 The Beaker Folk,Early Bronze Age people living about 4,500 years ago in the temperate zones of Europe; They received their name from their distinctive bell-shaped beakers, decorated in horizontal zones by finely toothed stamp

5、s.有缘学习更多+谓ygd3076考证资料,1.3 The Celts,The Celts of the Heroic Age, opening with the fifth century BC, began to arrive in Britain at about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.,1. When did the first known settlers come to Britain? 2. In how many waves did the Celts come to Britain? An

6、d what are they?,Topics for discussion,Conclusion,In this section, we have learned the history of Great Britain and detailed information about The Liberians, The Beaker Folk , and The Celts. From the lectures we know better about The Iberian Peninsula was the westernmost of the three major southern

7、European peninsulasthe Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas and the Gaels was a name of disputed origin for the Irish and Scottish Gaelic peoples.,Further reading and references (useful websites),有缘学习更多+谓ygd3076考证资料,Bear in your mind what you have learned from the textbook and the lectures by the

8、 teacher. Read extensively from different resources and learn more about the general earliest settlers on the British Isles, and detailed information of each era. Pre-read about the Iberians and the Celts of the earliest settlers ., Assignment,2. The Roman Britain,Roman Britain was the part of the i

9、sland of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410. The Romans referred to their territory as Britannia, and it eventually consisted of all of the island south of the shifting frontier with Caledonia.,Roman Britain,Early contact,The first direct Roman contact came when

10、 the Roman general and future dictator, Julius Caesar, made two expeditions to Britain in 55 and 54 BC as an offshoot of his conquest of Gaul, believing the Britons had been helping the Gallic resistance.,Julius Caesar 13 July 100BC 15 March 44BC,Early contact,Caesar took the first expedition, which

11、 more a reconnaissance than a full invasion, gained a foothold on the coast of Kent but, undermined by storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry, was unable to advance further. With the second invasion, Caesar took with him a substantially larger force and proceeded to coerce or invite many of

12、 the native Celtic tribes to pay tribute and give hostages in return for peace.,Roman Invasion,The invasion force in AD 43 was led by Aulus Plautius. It is not known how many Roman legions were sent; only one legion, the II Augusta, commanded by the future emperor Vespasian, is directly attested to

13、have taken part. The invasion was delayed by a mutiny of the troops, who were eventually persuaded by an imperial freedman to overcome their fear of crossing the Ocean and campaigning beyond the limits of the known world.,Occupation and retreat from southern Scotland,While the Roman occupation of Br

14、itain lasted for nearly 400 years until 410 AD, it was never a total occupation when the Roman completely withdrew from Britain. They withdrew from the north in the second century and built two great walls to keep the Picts (so called because of their “painted faces”) out of the area they had conque

15、red.,Hadrians Wall,Antonine Wall,Sub-Roman Britain,The Romans built a network of towns, many of which were on the sites of Celtic settlements or their own military camps. The Romans also made good use of Britains natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery.,End of Roman Ru

16、le,The Romans remained in control of Britain for nearly 400 years. Although Britain became part of a vast and sophisticated Roman Empire, the Roman impact upon the Britons was limited.,Roman Britain in AD410,Topics for discussion,When did the Roman invasion begin? What marked the beginning of the Ro

17、man occupation of Britain? Please outline the reason why “it was never a total occupation when the Romans completely withdrew from Britain”? How long did the Romans remain in control of Britain? Describe the life and culture of the Romans in Britain.,3. Anglo-Saxon Britain,The northern tribes began

18、to come to England from the continent in the middle of the 5th century. They were the Teutonic tribes: the Jutes, Saxons and Angles. The Anglo-Saxon tribes were continually at war with one another, each of them trying to get the upper hand, so that the kingdoms were often broken up and pieced togeth

19、er again. The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state.,4.Norman Conquest, Topics for Discussion Talk briefly about “Norman Conquest” in your own words. Give a brief account of “Edward the Confessor”. Give a brief account

20、 of “William the Conqueror”. How many men laid claim to the English throne when Edward was on his death-bed? And who were they?,4.1 Williams Invasion of England,In the year of 1066, a dispute over the succession to the English throne occurred because of a very unique situation. In the battle of Hast

21、ings fought on 14 October 1066, between the Norman army of William and the English army of King Harold II, William defeated Harold and killed him.,4.2 Norman Conquest and Its Consequences,King Edward ruled England between 1042 and 1066. The Saxons of the south was in disarray, but the northerners we

22、re difficult to conquer. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history.,5.The Decline of Feudalism, Topics for Discussion When and by whom was feudalism in England established? Describe briefly the Magna Carta. Why did the Hundred Years War happen? Talk about the sta

23、ges of the Hundred Years War. What was Black Death? Describe briefly the Wars of the Roses.,5.1 Magna Carta (1215),Magna Carta is an English charter, originally issued by King John of England at Runnymede in the English county of Surrey under compulsion from the church and his barons on 15 June 1215

24、. The Magna Carta influenced the early settlers in New England and inspired later constitutional documents, including the United States Constitution.,5.2 The Hundred Years War with France (13371453),The Normans and Plantagenet Kings of England were also French nobles. The basic causes of this 116-ye

25、ar-long war were partly territorial and partly economic. The war was in fact a series of separate wars and is commonly divided into three outstanding stages.,5.3 The Black Death (13481350),The Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease which was carried in the blood of wild

26、 black rats and the fleas that lived off the rats. The disease also caused far-reaching economic consequences. The impact of the Black Death upon the future of England was greater than upon any other European country.,5. 4 The Wars of the Roses (14551485),In the late 1400s, one of the branches of th

27、e Royal House of Plantagenet, the House of Lancaster, fought its rival the House of York for the throne of England. The civil wars started when the nobles of York rose against Henry VI of Lancaster who was a feeble ruler. Later, Henry again became king, but he lost his crown once more to Edward afte

28、r the battle of Tewkesbury in 1471.,6.The Decline of Feudalism, Topics for Discussion Give a brief account of the First Civil War. Say something about the Second Civil War. Summarize the difference between the First Civil War and the Second Civil War. Why do we call the English Civil Wars as “Purita

29、n Revolution”? What was the Glorious Revolution? What was the real significance of the Glorious Revolution? Talk about the Bill of Rights.,6.1 The Civil Wars,The English Civil Wars were the series of armed conflicts and political schemes which took place between supporters of the kings right to abso

30、lute authority, and supporters of the rights of Parliament from 1642 until 1649. The wars can be divided into two parts. In short, the English Civil Wars were truly profound political events in the seventeenth century Europe, it is also called the Puritan Revolution.,6.2 The Commonwealth of England

31、(1649-1660),The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole period of 1649 to 1660.,6.3 The Glorious Revolution a

32、nd The English Bill of Right,The greatest landmark in the history of England is the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In addition to declaring certain individual rights, the Bill of Rights defined the relationship between Parliament and the monarchy, giving Parliament the decisive advantage.有缘学习更多+谓ygd30

33、76考证资料,7.The Industrial Revolution, Topics for Discussion Give a brief account of the British Industrial Revolution. Discuss the impact of the British Industrial Revolution. What benefits did the Industrial Revolution bring to Britain?,The Industrial Revolution started in the second half of the 18th

34、 century, and it may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. During the Industrial Revolution, there were many new technological improvements. Steam engines were also applied to land and water transportation. In short, the Industrial Revolution promoted the developm

35、ent of production.,8.The People s Charter, Topics for Discussion What was The Chartist Movement? Discuss the three Reform Bills passed between 1832 and 1884 in the British parliament. Talk about “Peoples Charter”.,Changes in Britain did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. In the

36、general election of 1830, the Wings under Lord Grey were returned to power after more than half a century in opposition and turned their minds to the problem of parliamentary reform. The Chartist Movement was possibly the first mass working class labour movement in the world.,9.The Rise and Fall of

37、the British Empire, Topics for Discussion Give a brief account of the rise of the British Empire. Talk about the issues of British colonists. Discuss the reasons why other countries bagan to compete with Britain at the beginning of the 20th century.,9.1 The Rise of the British Empire,The British emp

38、ire began in the 16th century, with the founding of the first British colony overseas, Newfoundland in 1583. The foundation for the British Empire was laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. During the 19th century, British policy in Asia was chiefly concerned with protecting and expa

39、nding India, viewed as its most important colony and the key to the rest of Asia.,9.2 The fall of the British Empire,At the beginning of the 20th century, other countries began to compete with Britain for world control. During the 2nd World War (1939-1945), many cities in Britain, including London,

40、suffered a great deal from the bombing of German planes.有缘学习更多+谓ygd3076考证资料,10. Britain in the 20th century, Topics for Discussion Talk about Britain and the First World War. How did World War One start? What happened in Britain between the two world wars? Why did World War Two start? Give a brief a

41、ccount of Britain and the Second World War.,10.1 Britain and the First World War,From 1914 to 1918, the First World War was fought between two European power blocs: the “Central Power”, including Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the “Allies”, which was Britain, France and Russia. During World War I,

42、 Britain lost over a million people and there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society.,10.2 Britain Between the Two World Wars,The First World War had a great influence on British society. In the meantime, there had been a major downturn in the British economy since the end of th

43、e world war. In the late 1930s Britain had too many problems to worry about at home.,10.3 Britain and the Second World War,When Adolf Hitler and Nazism in Germany came to the top power in 1933, the Versailles arrangements began to crumble. During the Second World War, the Battle of Britain was remar

44、kable, which was the intense air battle between the Germans and the British over Great Britains airspace from July 1940 to May 1941, with the heaviest fighting from July to October 1940.,10.4 Postwar Britain,One of the most far-reaching consequences of the second world war was that it hastened the end of the British Empire, and many of her colonies gained their independence. The conservative party under Winston Churchill was defeated at the general election of 1945, but was returned to power in 1951.,