高考英语语法总结(11页).doc
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1、-高考英语语法总结-第 11 页高考英语语法总结一非谓语动词 一不定式: 一)不定式的常考形式: 1) 一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能: 表示与谓语动词同步发生 2) 完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many lang
2、uages. 语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前 二)不定式常考的考点: 1)不定式做定语-将要发生 2)不定式做状语-目的 3)不定式充当名词功能-To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性; + doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实) I saw h
3、im working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调我见他正干活这个动作) 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to d
4、o help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如: want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan, offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do
5、 We agreed _ here,but so far she hasnt turned up yet(NMET 1995) Ahaving met Bmeeting Cto meet Dto have met (Key:C) 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to
6、; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中,want不太常用。 He needs (a lot of) encouraging. 二. 动名词: 具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.
7、一)动名词的形式: 一般形式:I dont like you smoking. 完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice. 被动形式:This question is far from being settled. 二) 动名词常考的点 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. I would appreciate_ back this afternoon(MET 1992) Ayou to call Byou call Cyou ca
8、lling Dyoure calling(Key:C your calling 也对) I regret not having taken your advice. 4)有些词后只能接动名词 admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; cant h
9、elp; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand. 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法: its no good; its no/little/hardly any/ use; its not/hardly/scarcely use; its worthwhile; spend
10、money/time; theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point. 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式,意义截然不容。 I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) forgot remember的用法
11、类似。 I regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你 I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。 try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. try -ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 打算、想我想去,但我父亲不让我去。 To raise wage means in
12、creasing purchasing power. 意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 prefer的用法: 我宁愿在这里等。 3 分词: 现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 现在分词的形式: 1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)? (与谓语动词同步发生) 2)完成形式:Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) 3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动
13、) 过去分词 1) 过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词的进行形式:Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系-主动还是被动,往往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。二:虚拟语气和情态动词 情态动词的基本用法及其区别 最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法
14、十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题中,命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习掌握。 一、用情态动词have done结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用 对立统一来概括。 1当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时,我们可用统一关系来解决这样的试题。常见
15、的结构有: must have done: 表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作一定做了,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为cantcouldnt have done 疑问式为CanCould.have done?。 could might have done:表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测,常译作可能做了。如: 1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he your lecture (上海 2000) A couldnt have attended B neednt have attended C must
16、nt have attended D shouldnt have attended 本题选A。 2) Jack yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me (上海97 A mustnt have arrived B shouldnt have arrived C cant have arrived D need not have arrived (C) 2当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时,常借助but, however, instead等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用对立关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有: shoul
17、d have done ought to have done:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。 should not have done ought not to have done:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。 由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选C。 二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。 虚拟语气 最自然的虚拟状态:由should/would+原型时态(不含
18、时间只含状态) 本质上是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。 这时虚拟语气的产生往往是因为我们要表达本来应该(而现在却还没有) (本来可以,本来能) 一些常见的句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,should 常常被省略掉 o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan; o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide; o require, request; o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect. 由于他们的
19、含义中包含建议,假设,应该这类的含义,所以,由他们引起的从句中,就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。 这些动词(以及他们的名次形式,分词形式)引起的从句还有其他的变形 主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句 Its suggested that My suggestion is that The only suggestion that. The only suggestion I can give you now is that 一些形容词引起的表语从句中,也会有同样的情况 important; necessary; essential Its natural ; strange; in
20、credible that a pity; a shame; no wonder ? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should 表达与事实相反 1. 与现在相反:使用过去时: I wish I were not here! (一般现在一般过去) Suppose we were not here. He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般现在一般过去) Hope I werent always losing things! (现在进行过去进行) If only/If I hadnt been there!
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- 高考 英语语法 总结 11
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