虚拟语气、强调句、倒装句(13页).doc

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1、-虚拟语气、强调句、倒装句-第 13 页高考英语之虚拟语气归纳整理 - 高考英语之虚拟语气归纳整理 虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或空想等非真实情况。如： He is honest. 他很诚实。 （陈述语气） Dont be late next time. 下次别迟到。 （祈使语气） If I were you ，I would not go. 我要是你，我就不会去。 （虚拟语气） I wish I had a lot of money. 要是我有很多很多钱就好了。 （虚拟语气） 高考英语之虚拟语气归纳整理 - 第一类虚拟语气在条件句中的用法： 条件

2、句有真实条件句和虚拟条件句两种。真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，此时主句不用虚拟语气；而虚拟条件句则表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生，此时用虚拟语气。如： If I have time，I will go. 假若我有时间，我就去。 （陈述语气） If I were you，I would go. 假若我是你，我就去。 （虚拟语气 ） 时态类型主句谓语形式条件句的谓语形式例句与现在事实相反would/should/could/might+ V原动词过去式 did *be 多用were1. If I were you, I should study English. 2. I wou

3、ld certainly go if I had time.与过去事实相反would/should/could/might + have done动词过去完成式 had done1. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test.2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.与将来事实相反would/should/could/might + V原动词过去式 should +V原 were + to do1.If you cam

4、e tomorrow, we would have the meeting. 2. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.*规律总结：从句都往过去推一个时态，如：与现在相反的if从句就用过去时；与过去相反用过去完成时（即过去的过去）注：特别说明 1、l would/should/could/might主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后；would表示结果还表示过去经常常常做某事，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允许或可能性。比较： If you tried again ，you would succ

5、eed. 要是你再试一试，你就会成功的。 (would表结果) If you tried again， you might succeed. 要是你再试一试，你可能会成功的。 (might表可能) If you tried again ，you could succeed. 要是你再试一试，你就能成功了。(could表能力) 2、错综时间虚拟条件句 即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情况，结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整： If it had rained last night, the ground would be we

6、t now. 要是昨晚下过雨的话，现在地面就会是湿的。 You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你当时听我的话，你现在就会好多了。 3、If虚拟条件句的否定（含蓄条件句） 常考两个句型：If it werent for和If it hadnt been for，其意为“若不是(有)” “要不是”。如： If it werent for water, no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。 If it hadnt been for your assistance ，we wouldnt h

7、ave succeeded. =But for your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeeded. =Without your assistance ，we wouldnt have succeeded. 4、If虚拟条件句的倒装形式，即把were, had, should置于句首。例： Were I in school again (= If I were in school again), I would work harder. Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me

8、,)高考英语之虚拟语气归纳整理 - 第二类使用虚拟语气的常见结构或从句： 1.*wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较： （1） We hope they will come. (We dont know if they can come.) （2） We wish they could come. (We know they are not coming.) 2.if only 与 I wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况

9、相同： If only she had had more courage! 她再勇敢一些就好了。 If only I had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。 If only she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了! *if only 通常独立使用，没有主句。 3.l would rather后句子用虚拟语气 只分现在和过去 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon后的that从句中, 句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气， 表示宁愿做什么 ，具体用法为： 一般过去时表示现

10、在或将来的愿望 Id rather you went tomorrow (now). 我宁愿你明天(现在)去。 用过去完成时表过去的愿望 Id rather you hadnt said it. 我真希望你没有这样说过。 4.l as if (though)从句用虚拟语气 以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气,则与wish用法相同，例： He acts as if he knew me. 他显得认识我似的。 They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。 He talks as if he h

11、ad been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国。 注：两点说明 (1) 从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气： It looks as if well be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。 (2) 注意 It isnt as if的翻译： It isnt as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。高考英语之虚拟语气归纳整理 - 第三类从句中should+动词原形，should可省略 1. 在 lest ，for fear that( 以免) ,in case(以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 She walked quietly les

12、t she (should)wake up her roommates. 她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友。 2. 表应当做 值得做 一类动词后的宾语从句 建议advise, suggest, propose, recommend命令order, command 请求ask, demand, require, request指示direct 敦促urge提议move, vote 希望desire坚持insist 打算intend安排arrange 例如： I insisted that he (should)stay. 我坚持要他留下。 He urged that they go to Europe

13、. 他敦促他们到欧洲去。 He suggested that we shouldleave early. 他建议我们早点动身。 He ordered that it (should)be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。 I ask that he leave. 我要求他走开。 He requires that I (should)appear. 他要求我出场。 I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。 He arranged that I should go abroad. 他安排我去国外。 She desires that he

14、do it. 她希望他做此事。 The general directed that the prisoners should be set free. 将军指示释放那些俘虏。 *suggest表“暗示”insist表“坚持认为”不用虚拟语气 比较： Heinsistedthat Ihad readhis letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。 Heinsistedthat I should readhis letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。 Hesuggestedthat we (should) stayfor dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。 I suggestedthat you h

15、ad a secretunderstanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。 3. order,suggestion,idea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句 Oursuggestionis that you（ should）be the first to go 我们的建议是你应该第一个去。4.*advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, p

16、roposal, request, requirement, stipulation, suggestion, idea, plan, order l “It is (was)+ 紧急 重要- 带感情色彩 上述demand/suggest等动词过去分词 或 important,natural,strange ,necessary，surprised, appropriate等形容词 后的主语从句 1. It is orderedthat the army (should)get there by 4 a.m. 2. It is necessarythat she (should) besent

17、 there at once. 注：*It is necessary，important，strange，natural， advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc. ；it is a pity；It is requested/suggested/des

18、ired/proposed 高考英语之虚拟语气归纳整理 - 第四类Its time后的从句用虚拟语气 从句谓语通常用过去式表示 (早)该干某事了 *有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见，且should不能省略) ex. Its time we went [were going, should go]. 我们该走了。 Its time I was in bed. 我该上床睡了。(不用were) Its time = It is (the very/high/right/about) time 高考英语之虚拟语气归纳整理 - wish和as if引导的虚拟1.表示

19、与现在事实相反的愿望构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + 动词过去式 （be 一律用were） 例如：I wish I knew everything in the world. I wish that the experiment were a success. We wish we had wings.2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/could + have + 过去分词或had + 过去分词 例如：I wish that you had called yesterday. I wish that I c

20、ould have gone with you last night. I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望构成：主语 + wish (that) + 从句主语 + would/should/could/might + 原形动词 例如：I wish that he could try again. I wish that someday I should live on the moon. We wish that they would come soon. II. AS IF 引出的虚拟

21、。 As if.表好像我们经常会利用一下句型来表达不能实现的虚拟状态：It is as if。 (就好象是) As if + 从句， 主句。 （好像 Sb.+ do）表达一种假设的条件。而 As if 之后的假设内容的语法结构和wish虚拟的结构一样。 L. 33 A Day to Remember 中原句， “As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives.” 就利用了和现在事实相反的假设虚拟。 注：Something is to happened，Im to face it。高考英语之虚拟语气归

22、纳整理 - 注意事项：使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点： 1当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如： If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in four years time. 2if 省略句 在条件

23、句中可省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首 , 变为倒装句式。如： If I were at school again, I would study harder. Were I at school again, I would study harder. If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus. Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. Should it

24、rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. 注意：若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。如：我们可以说：Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now. 但不能说：Werent it for the expense, I would go abroad now. 3用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with, without, but for。如： What would you do with a million dollars? ( = if you had a mill

25、ion dollars)We couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help. ( = if we hadnt got your help) But for the rain ( = If it hadnt been for the rain ), we would have finished the work.4含蓄条件句 有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来代替条件句。 I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken p

26、art in the sports meet. (副词) He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. (连词) A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. （定语从句） I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (连词) Everything taken into consideration, they would

27、 have raiser their output quickly. (独立主格结构) 混合型与含蓄型虚拟语气 1。混合型虚拟语气： 当虚拟条件从句与结果主语所表达的时间不一致时，被称为“混合条件句”，这种虚拟语气被称为“混合型虚拟语气”，动词的形式要根据它所表达的时间作相应调整。如： If you had followedthe doctors advice ,he would be all right now.(条件从句表达的时间是过去，因此用had+过去分词；主句表示的时间是现在，因此用would+动词原形) 2.含蓄型虚拟语气： 有时候，虚拟条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表示，而是暗含

28、在上下文中 （1）.用but for 、without(如果没有）等来代替条件从句，如 Without electricity human life would be quite different=If there were no electricity ,human life would be quite different (2) 用otherwise、or(or else),even though等表示与上文的情况相反，从而引出虚拟语气。如： I lost your address.Otherwise,I would have visited you long before. =I l

29、ost your address.If I hadnt lost your address ,I would have visited you long before. (3) 虚拟条件通过but暗示出来。如： He would have given you more help,but he was too busy 他本来会给你更多的帮助，但是他太忙了。也就是说，如果那时他不忙，他可以给你更多的帮助。句中but he was too busy实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件如果那时他不忙 He would lose weight,but he eats too much 他本来可以减肥的，但是他吃的

30、太多了。也就是说，如果他吃得不多的话，他是可以减肥的。句中的but he eats too much实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件如果他吃得不多。 强调句强调句是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式。通过各种方式对句子中的某个部分进行强调，从而起到修辞的作用。 英语常用的强调结构是It is (was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+who (that).。一般说来,被强调部分指人时,用who;指事物时用that,但that也可以指人。在美国英语中指事物时常用which来代替that。1. 陈述句的强调句型It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ tha

31、t/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其他部分。例子 It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.2. 一般疑问句的强调句型同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。例子 Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分？例子 When and where was it that you were born?4.not until 句型的强调句A. 句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部

32、分 + that + 其他部分普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.B. 注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not . 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。5.谓语动词的强调A. It is/ was . that . 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或didD

33、o sit down. 务必请坐。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！B. 注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。强调形式常见到的强调形式，共有以下七类：用dodoesdid + V可表强调Some people do believe that nuclear power poses a threat to the world peace.adv或adj可表强调：Never only VeryThis is the very question that des

34、erves careful analysis.双重否定可表强调Taking part-time jobs is never without drawbacks.what引导的主从可表强调What really matters is cooperation.倒装可表强调(凡是倒装都可以表示强调)Little do people take into account the seriousness of this problem.比较状语从句可表强调Nothing is more imperative than to learn from the past.强调句型可表强调It is was +被强

35、调部份+ that who +原句剩余部份It is stability that destroys peoples ambition and barricades peoples steps.语法结构强调句的十种结构：1用助动词“do（does/did）+动词原形”来表示强调： Do write to me when you get there你到那儿后务必给我来信。2用形容词very，only，single，such等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气： How dare you buy such expensive jewels？你怎么敢买这么贵的宝石呢？3用ever，never，very，ju

36、st等副词和badly，highly，really等带有l y的副词来进行强调：I really dont know what to do next我的确不知道下一步该怎么做。4用in the world，on earth，at all等介词短语可以表达更强的语气（常用于疑问句）： Where in the world could he be？他到底会在哪儿？ 5用感叹句来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感： How interesting a story it is！这是一个多么有趣的故事啊！ 6用重复来表示强调： Why！why！The cage is empty！啊！啊！箱子是空的。 7用

37、倒装句（也就是将要强调的句子或被强调的部分置于句首）来加强语气： On the table were some flowers桌上摆着一些花。（强调地点） 8用强调句型：“It is（was）+被强调的部分+that（who）+原句其它部分”来强调说话人的意愿： It was on Monday night that all this happened所有这一切发生在周一晚上。 9用If来表示强调： 1）If从句+I dont know who/what，etcdoes/is/has，etc主语部分也可以用nobody does/is/has，etc或everybody does/is/has

38、，et c来代替（这里的if从句往往是正话反说，反话正说）： If he cant do it，I dont know who can要是他做不了这件事，我不知道还有谁能做。（强调只有他能做） If Jim is a coward，everybody is要是吉姆是个胆小鬼，那么人人都是胆小鬼。（强调吉姆不是胆小鬼）2）if从句+it be主句（此用法可看成是第8中强调句型的变形，即把所要强调的内容放在it be的后面，把其它内容放在由if引导的从句中）： If anyone knew the truth，it was Tom如果说谁了解事实的真相，那便是汤姆。 10用破折号、黑体字也可以表示

39、强调，加强语气： Its because of hard workten years of hard work那是因为艰苦的工作-十年艰苦的工作！ He began the work in late May他在五月底开始的这项工作。（强调时间）注意事项that后的强调句如果是原因状语从句，从句只能用because引导，不能用since，as或why。It was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river。倒装句英语的基本句型是主语 + 谓语。如果将主语与谓语调换, 称倒装句。倒装句分全倒装句和半倒装句。一、

40、全倒装: 主语与谓语交换位置不需任何助动词, 叫全倒装。全倒装只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。全倒装有以下三种情况:1、当here, there, out, in, up, down等副词放在句首时, 句子需全倒装:There goes the bell! 铃响了！ There lived an old man. Here comes the bus.注意: 在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或be动词, 像go, come, mush等。 主语如果是代词时不需倒装如Away he went. 他走远了。2、方位状语在句首, 如:In front of the house stopped a po

41、lice car.Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.Under the tree sat a boy.3 、直接引语在句首, 这种情况可倒装也可不倒装 What does it mean? asked the boy或the boy asked.二、半倒装: 主语与谓语的助动词或情态动词交换位置称半倒装,如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does,did，并将其置于主语前。 有以下数种情况:1,否定意义的词在句首, 句子半倒装, 例如: little, never, not, no, h

42、ardly, rarely,seldomNever shall I forget you. At no time was the man aware of what was happening.Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.2、 几对并列连词如not onlybut also, hardly when等连接两个并列句, 连词在句首, 前句半倒装, 后句不倒装:Not only was everything he had taker away from him, but also his German citize

43、nship was taken away.No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.注意: not onlybut also连接两个并列主语时不需倒装,如:Not only you but also I like playing chess.neithernor在句首时, 前后两句都需倒装,Neither do I have a sister nor does my husband.3、only在句首强调状语, 主句半倒装:Only then did I realize that I was wrong.Only in t

44、his way can I learn from my fault.Only when the war was over in 1918, was he able to get back to work.注意: only强调主语不倒装:Only the teachers can use the room.4、sothat句型, so在句首时, 主句倒装, that从句不倒装:So easy is it that a clild can learn it.So hard did he work that he finally won the fame.I saw the film, so did

45、 he.5.省略了if的虚拟条件句Had I been informed earlier, I could have done something.Were she here, she would support the motion.1.His mother had talked to him for many minutes while he was watching TV,but .A.a little did he hear B.little did he hear C.little heard he D.a little heard he2. Hello,Zhu Hua.Ill have to 6、nor,so,neither作部分倒装，表示“也”“也不”的句子要作部分倒装，例如：Tom can speak English,so can Jack. If you wont go,neither will I. 7、as ,though引导的倒装句。形容词、名词（前无冠词）、分词+as/though+主语+be副词+as/though+主语+谓语动词动词原形+as/though+主语+情态动词