2022年考研英语试题及答案 .pdf

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1、1 / 12 2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments

2、 at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting_1_workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended _2_giving their name to the “ Hawthorne effect” , the extremely influential idea that the very_3_to being experimented upo

3、n changed subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the _4_behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to _5_of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not _6_what was done in the experiment 。_7_someting was changed ,pr

4、oductivity rose. A(n)_8_that they were being experimented upon seemed to be _9_to alter workers behavior _10_itself.After several decades, the same data were _11_ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 _the descriptions on record, no systematic _13_ was fou

5、nd that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to_ 14_ interpretation of what happed._ 15_ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output _16_ rose compared with th

6、e previous Saturday and_ 17 _to rise for the next couple of days._ 18_ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers_ 19_ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before _20 _a plateau and then slacken

7、ing off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. A affected B achieved C extracted D restored 2. A at BupC with D off 3. Atruth Bsight C act D proof 4. A controversial B perplexing Cmischievous D ambiguous 5. Arequirements Bexplanations C accounts D assessments 6. A

8、 conclude B matterC indicate D work 7. A as far as B for fear that C in case that D so long as 8. A awarenessB expectation C sentiment D illusion 9. A suitableB excessive C enough D abundant 10. A about B forC on D by 11. A compared Bshown C subjected D conveyed 12. A contrary to B consistent with C

9、 parallel with D pealliar to 13. A evidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource 14. A disputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading 15. A In contrast B For example C In consequence D As usual 16. A duly Baccidentally C unpredictably D suddenly 17. Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued 18. ATherefore BFurt

10、hermore CHowever DMeanwhile 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 12 页2 / 12 19. AAttempted Btended Cchose Dintenced 20. Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing Dhiting Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

11、hoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. No

12、t only have many newspapers done away with their book-review sections, but several major papers, including the Chicago Sun-Times and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, no longer employ full-time classical-music critics. Even those papers that continue to review fine-arts events are devoting less space to

13、 them, while the “ think pieces ” on cultural subjects that once graced the pages of big-city Sunday papers are becoming a thing of the past. It is, I suspect, difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism cou

14、ld be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century, including Virgil Thomson s The Musical Scene (1945), Edwin Denby s Looking at the Dance (1949), Kenneth Tynan s Curtains (1961), and Hilton Kramer s The

15、Age of the Avant-Garde (1973) consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their erudite contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. We are even farther removed from the discursive newspaper reviews publis

16、hed in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers wo

17、uld write in detail and at length about the events they covered.1 Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men (for they were all men) believed in journali

18、sm as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “ So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “ that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are

19、.”Why, then, are virtually all of these critics forgotten? Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England s foremost clas

20、sical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. How is it possible

21、that so celebrated a critic should have slipped into near-total obscurity? 21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 12 页3 / 12 A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers. B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts r

22、eviews. C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers. D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies. 22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized by A free themes. B casual style. C elaborate layout. D radical viewpoints. 23. Which of the followi

23、ng would shaw and Newman most probably agree on? A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals. B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing. 24. What can be learned about Cardus acc

24、ording to the last two paragraphs? A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today. B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. C His style caters largely to modern specialists. D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition. 25. What would be the best title for the text?

25、 A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory Text 2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its “ one-click” online payment system. Merr

26、ill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nation s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.

27、 In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “ a very big deal” , says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of

28、 Missouri School of law. It “ has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a p

29、atent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to th

30、eir files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment fi

31、lms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 12 页4 / 12 The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit

32、 issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuit s action comes in the wake of a series of r

33、ecent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “ reacting to the anti_ patent trend at t

34、he supreme court ” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School. 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited value to business B their connection with asset allocation C the possible restriction on their g

35、ranting D the controversy over authorization 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? A Its ruling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit D It may change the legal practices in the U.S. 28. The word

36、 “ about-face ” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means A loss of good will B increase of hostility C change of attitude D enhancement of dignity 29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents A are immune to legal challenges B are often unnecessarily issued C lower the esteem f

37、or patent holders D increase the incidence of risks 30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text? A A looming threat to business-method patents B Protection for business-method patent holders C A legal case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing trend against business-method

38、 patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but

39、 it doesn t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “ two step flow of communication” : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embra

40、ced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 12 页5 / 12 will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certa

41、in looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people

42、 can drive trends In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don t seem to be required of all. The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social i

43、nfluence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentia

44、ls who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on

45、。and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change w

46、on t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people s ability to influence others

47、 and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “ global cascades”- the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adop

48、ts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction. 31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intend

49、s to Aanalyze the consequences of social epidemics Bdiscuss influentials function in spreading ideasCexemplify people s intuitive response to social epidemicsDdescribe the essential characteristics of influentials. 32.The author suggests that the “ two-step-flow theory”Aserves as a solution to marke

50、ting problems Bhas helped explain certain prevalent trends Chas won support from influentials Drequires solid evidence for its validity 33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that A the power of influence goes with social interactions B interpersonal links can be enhanced through the m