2018考研英语真题试卷.pdf

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1、Section Use of English Directions: Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, its a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc

2、. On the other hand, putting your 2 in the wrong place often carries a high 3 . 4 , why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instin

3、ct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9 : In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than wer

4、e their 10 who inhaled something else. 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holding a plastic containe

5、r. The tester would ask, “Whats in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15 . Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty and realized the tester had 17 them. Among the children who had not been tricked

6、, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19 , only five of the 30 children paired with the “ 20 ” tester participated in a follow-up activity. 英语（一）试题 .1.（共14 页）1. A on B like C for D from D interest D price D Again

7、D When D maintains D compare D to D circle D supporters D Ironic D delight D over D entrusted D inside D remembered D mocked D entitled D For instance D unsuitable 2. A faith 3. A benefit B concern B debt B Then C attention C hope 4. A Therefore 5. A Until 6. A selects 7. A consult 8. A at C Instead

8、 C Although C applies C connect C of C period B Unless B produces B compete B by B mood 9. A context 10. A counterparts B substitutes 11. A Funny B Lucky C colleagues C Odd 12. A monitor 13. A between 14. A transferred 15. A out B protect B within B added B back C surprise C toward C introduced C ar

9、ound C insisted C fooled 16. A discovered 17. A betrayed 18. A forced 19. A In contrast 20. A inflexible B proved B wronged B willing B As a result B incapable C hesitant C On the whole C unreliable Section Reading Comprehension Part A Part A Directions: Directions: Read the following four texts. An

10、swer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) 英语（一）试题 .2.（共14 页）Text 1 Text 1 Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robo

11、ts come for their jobs? Dont dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middl

12、e-class occupations trucking, financial advice, software engineering have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt

13、go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But i

14、n the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting. The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums from grammar school to college should evolve to focus less on memorizing fact

15、s and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals t

16、rying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoo

17、thed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, ta

18、xes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in

19、 ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable. 英语（一）试题 .3.（共14 页） 21. Who will

20、be most threatened by automation? A Leading politicians. B Low-wage laborers. C Robot owners. D Middle-class workers. 22. Which of the following best represents the authors view? A Worries about automation are in fact groundless. B Optimists opinions on new tech find little support. C Issues arising

21、 from automation need to be tackled. D Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided. 23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on A creative potential. B job-hunting skills. C individual needs. D cooperative spirit. 24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at A en

22、couraging the development of automation. B increasing the return on capital investment. C easing the hostility between rich and poor. D preventing the income gap from widening. 25. In this text, the author presents a problem with A opposing views on it. B possible solutions to it. C its alarming imp

23、acts. D its major variations. 英语（一）试题 .4.（共14 页）Text 2 Text 2 A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other sources, not

24、 a presidents social media platform. Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web c

25、ontent shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant. Young people who are digital natives are ind

26、eed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives especially those that are

27、 open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded. Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by

28、the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on social media led to greater political engagement. Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. Th

29、is forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fa

30、ke news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at

31、Barna Group. So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills and in their choices on when to share on social media. 英语（一）试题 .5.（共14 页） 26. According to Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on A the justification of t

32、he news-filtering practice. B peoples preference for social media platforms. C the administrations ability to handle information. D social media as a reliable source of news. 27. The phrase “beef up” (Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to A sharpen. B define. C boast. D share. 28. According to t

33、he Knight Foundation survey, young people A tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace. B verify news by referring to diverse sources. C have a strong sense of responsibility. D like to exchange views on “distributed trust”. 29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is A

34、 readers outdated values. B journalists biased reporting. C readers misinterpretation. D journalists made-up stories. 30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online. B A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend. C The Accumul

35、ation of Mutual Trust on Social Media. D The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests. 英语（一）试题 .6.（共14 页）Text 3 Text 3 Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britains National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMi

36、nd is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham

37、, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients rights and their expectations of privacy. DeepMind has a

38、lmost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements and there may be many between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed

39、patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. But this distinction misses the point that it is

40、processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value. The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That mi

41、sses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more. The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It

42、 is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to b

43、ehave as a big pharma has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denhams report is a welcome start. 英语（一）试题 .7.（共14 页） 31. What is true of

44、 the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind? A It caused conflicts among tech giants. B It failed to pay due attention to patients rights. C It fell short of the latters expectations. D It put both sides into a dangerous situation. 32. The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict with A empty promises

45、. B tough resistance. C necessary adjustments. D sincere apologies. 33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that A privacy protection must be secured at all costs. B leaking patients data is worse than selling it. C making profits from patients data is illegal. D the value of data comes from the proces

46、sing of it. 34. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is A the vicious rivalry among big pharmas. B the ineffective enforcement of privacy law. C the uncontrolled use of new software. D the monopoly of big data by tech giants. 35. The authors attitude toward the appl

47、ication of AI to healthcare is A ambiguous. B cautious. C appreciative. D contemptuous. 英语（一）试题 .8.（共14 页）Text 4 Text 4 The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwh

48、ile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many reasons this formerly stable federal institution finds itself at the brink of bankruptcy. Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has

49、 permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality. And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on th

50、e USPSs ultimate overseer Congress insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferri