2022年八年级英语寒假专题二形容词和副词的用法仁爱版知识精讲 .pdf
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1、初二英语寒假专题二:形容词和副词的用法仁爱版【本讲教育信息 】一. 教学内容:寒假专题二:形容词和副词的用法二. 重点、难点:介词用法口诀早、午、晚要用in,at 黎明、午夜、点与分。年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、帽in。将来时态 in.以后,小处at 大处 in。有形 with 无形 by,语言、单位、材料in。特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in。介词 at 和 to 表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善。日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、著论。着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。特定时日和“一就”,on 后常接动名词。年、月、日加早、午、晚
2、,of 之前 on 代 in。步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage 则用 in。at 山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。工具、和、同随with ,具有、独立、就、原因。就来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。海、陆、空、车、脚、被by,单数、人类know to man 。this、that、tomorrow ,yesterday,next、 last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。over、under 正上下, above、below 则不然,若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。beyond 超出、无、不能,against 靠着,对与反。besides,exce
3、pt 分内外, among 之内 along 沿。同类比较 except,加 for 异类记心间。原状 because of,、 owing to 、 due to 表语形容词under 后接修建中, of、from 物、化分。before、 after 表一点 , ago、later 表一段。before 能接完成时,ago过去极有限。since以来 during 间, since 时态多变换。与之相比 beside,除了 last but one。复不定 for 、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。but for 否定用虚拟,复
4、合介词待后言。ing 型由于鉴,除了除外与包含。之后、关于、在方面,有关介词须记全。in 内 to 外表位置,山、水、国界to 在前。三. 具体内容:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 14 页形容词和副词的用法(一)形容词1. 形容词可分为两大类:描绘形容词和限定形容词。描绘形容词是描写人或物的颜色、尺寸、形状、性质、状态等的形容词。限定形容词用于限定被修饰词的数量、距离、所有关系等。除了these和 those 外,形容词的单数与复数形式相同。描绘形容词beautiful, large, red,interesting,
5、 colourfulimportant限 定 形 容 词基数词(one, two) 序数词(first, second)物主代词(my, your) 指示代词(this, that, these)数量词(few, many) 冠 词(a, an, the)2. 形容词的位置修饰语一般应置于被修饰语之前,但当几个形容词修饰同一名词时,其排列顺序一般如下:形容词性代词数量词描 绘 形 容 词all boththe, a(n)this, thatfirstone性质尺寸形状新旧温度颜色国籍材料goodlargeoldredChineseironsuchyour, some,manysecondtwo
6、finesmallhotblueEnglishstoneExample: that strong young Chinese swimmer注意:形容词前有as, so, no, too, how 等词时,不定冠词应置于形容词之后。She is too kind a girl to refuse.在下列情况下,修饰语应置于被修饰的名词后:(1)名词之后的数量词名词old, long, wide 等。a boy six years old, a street two kilometers long(2)为了加强语气或音调美,将描绘形容词置于名词之后。He had a face thin and
7、worn.(3)something, anything, everyone, anybody 形容词。There s nothing wrong with the electric cooker.(4)作定语用的分词或形容词短语The judge has talked to all the people involved.所包含的 (形式复杂的 )3. “数词名词”构成的形容词(1)数词名词,如a two-week tour, a ten-page report 等。(2)数词名词形容词,如a seven-year-old boy 等。(3)名词(无冠词)基数词=the序数词名词,如Unit
8、6=the Sixth Unit(4) “数量词复数名词”作主语,虽然是复数形式,但仍然用单数动词,作为一个单位来表示。如果强调个别数,则须用复数动词。Ten years is quite a long time to him.Two months have passed since I last heard from my parents.(二)副词1. 副词的构成如下:(1)本身就是副词,如very, now, there, quite 等 .精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 14 页(2)有形容词后缀如-ly, 如
9、happily, carefully 等。(3)有些副词与形容词同形,如early, high, long, fast, hard 等。注意:有些 -ly 结尾的词不是副词而是形容词,如manly, friendly, queenly( 女王的威严的 ,慷慨的 )等。2. 副词的位置(1)修饰形容词和副词时,须放在被修饰词之前,如:The scenery around here is very beautiful.(2)always, never, often, sometimes, usually等表示频率的副词在一般动词前,be动词后,有助动词时,在助动词和动词之间。He usually
10、gets up early, but he got up late today.I have never met him and I hope I will never meet him.(3)有两个以上不同种类的副词作修饰语时,其顺序为地点(小地点大地点)状态次数时间(单位小的时间单位大的时间)。They arrived in Paris safely the other day.(4)seldom, rarely, never 等具有否定意义的频率副词置于句首时,助动词或be 动词须放在主语的前面(也叫倒装句),如:Never did I hear such a funny story.
11、=I never heard such a funny story.3. 几个特殊副词的用法(1)enough 须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之后;too 须置于所修饰的形容词和副词之前。She speaks English well enough to be an interpreter 译员,口译者It s too hot a day to work.但 enough 修饰名词时须置于名词之前。Have you got enough money for this microwave (微波) oven (烤炉,烤箱)?(2)too (for)不定式 (to) ,作“太而不能”解;enough不
12、定式, 意思是“足够可以”,这一结构可转换成sothat 结构。The boy was still too young to go to school.He was so young that he could not go to school.The man is rich enough to buy a Roll-Royce.He is so rich that he can buy a Roll-Royce.(3)already 用于肯定句,作“已经”解;yet 用于否定句,作“还”解,用于疑问句作“已经”解,still 作“仍然”解。I have already seen the fi
13、lm.Have you seen the film yet?I still prefer tea to coffee.(4)随着 only 和 also 在句中位置的改变,句意和语气也会改变。Only Mr. Li came to see me today.Mr. Li came to see only me today.Mr. Li came to see me only today.(三)形容词的比较等级形容词比较等级的规则变化如下表:构 成 法原 级比较级最高级1、单音节词末尾加-er 和-est伟大的 greatgreatergreatest精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -
14、 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 14 页2、单音节词如以-e 结尾,只加 -r 和-stbrave 勇敢的fine 好的braverfinerbravestfinest3、闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母,须先双写这个辅音字母,再加 -er 和-estbig 大的hot 热的biggerhotterbiggesthottest4、少数以 -y,-er,-ow,-ble 结构的双音节词,末尾加 -er,和 -est(以 -y 结尾的词,如-y前是辅音字母, 则 y 变为 i,再加 -er 和-est。以-e 结尾的词仍只加-r 和-st)happy 快乐的cle
15、ver 聪明的narrow 狭窄的able 能happiercleverernarrowerablerhappiestcleverestnarrowestablest5、其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more 和 most.difficult 困难的more difficultmost difficult(四)形容词比较等级部分不规则变化表原级比 较 级最 高 级goodwellbetterBestbadillworseworstmanymuchmoreMostlittlefewlessLeastfarfartherfurtherfarthestfurthestoldoldereldero
16、ldesteldestlatelatterlaterlastlatest(五)形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法形容词与副词都有三个比较等级。(1)原级常用于“as原级 as”结构。He likes her as much as he likes his sister.否定的原级用not asas或 not so as,二者一般无甚区别。He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.(2)比较级常用于“比较级than”结构。He is taller than me.否定比较与否定原级一样,也用not as(so) as结构,也可用less than 结构
17、.This word is less frequent in British English than in American English.(3)两个人或物比较时,定冠词the比较级表示最高级。He is the taller of the two.(4)最高级常用于“the最高级比较范围”结构,比较范围为短语或从句。It is the best picture in the hall.(5)含有否定词的比较级,如no less than=as much(or many)as “不亚于”精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共
18、 14 页not less than=at least “至少”no less than =asas “和一样”not less原级 than “至少不亚于”no more than=not any more than “和一样不”not more than=not soas “不像那样”no more than=only “只不过”,言其少not more than=at most “不多于”, “至少”(6)表示“几倍于”用twice(两倍),three times(三倍) as as,This book costs twice as much as the other one.(7)th
19、e比较级 ,the比较级 , 意思是“越就越” ,如:The harder you work , the more you will learn.( 8) 比 较 结 构 之 前 可 用 程 度 状 语 加 以 修 饰 , 如as as 前 可 用almost, nearly, just(about),quite 等词语修饰,如:John is almost as tall as his father.(9) 在 more than 结构之前可用far,(so)very much, (quite)a lot, a great deal, (just)a bit, still, far 等词语修
20、饰,如:He speaks English a lot more rapidly than he does French.(10)比较级 and比较级,作“越来越”解,如:The days are getting longer and longer.常用动词习惯用法:1. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事(后接动词不定式)My father allowed me to go out for a walk after finishing my homework.2. asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做某事(叫某人不要去做某事)My fathe
21、r asked me to study hard.He asked me not to swim alone.be asked to do sth. 被叫去做某事 /被邀请去做某事I was asked to have a dinner with them yesterday.3. be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事She is afraid to ask me questions.4. be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事I am afraid of going out at night.5. be afraid of sth. 害怕某物He is a
22、fraid of snakes.6. be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶He was amazed to meet the girl there.be amazed at sth. 对某事感到惊讶They were amazed at the news.7. be busy doing/with sth. 忙于做某事(常考)I was busy washing my car at that time. 那时候我正忙于清洗我的车子。I am busy with my work.8. be coming/going/leaving/flying/moving/dying(某
23、些位移动词用进行时态时表将来)The bus is coming. /The dog is dying.9. be excited to do sth. 对做感到兴奋精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 14 页Jacky was excited to travel there by plane.be excited at sth. Lily was excited at his words. be excited about doing sth.He was excited about passing the exam wi
24、thout going over books.10. be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事Sam is frightened to ride a horse.11. be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事She is happy to clean the blackboard with me.be pleased to do sth.高兴做某事She was pleased to help the old man yesterday.be pleased with sth. 对某事感到高兴/满意The teacher was pleased w
25、ith my answer.12. be interested in sth. /doing sth. 对某事感兴趣/对做某事感兴趣She is interested in swimming in the river.My brother is interested in Chinese.13. be/get ready for/to do sth.be ready for sth. 为某事做好了准备We are ready for the exam.be ready to do sth. 为做某事做好了准备We are ready to have a birthday party for h
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