2022年初中英语语法之介词讲解英语中考专题复习 .pdf
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1、介词介词是一种虚词,它不能单独担任句子成分,必须与名词或代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句构成介词短语,才能担任句子成分。1、 介词的种类和介词短语的用法(1)介词的种类介词由词形上可分为简单介词和短语介词。简单介词知识一个单词,如:in ,on, after等。短语介词是由两个以上单词集合而成,如:out of ,in front of, because of ,instead of等。(2)介词短语的用法作定语介词短语作定语时,一律后置。The book on the desk in mine.桌子上的书是我的。He bought a house of five rooms.他买了一所
2、有五个房间的房子。A gentleman in white came into the hall.一个身穿白衣的绅士走进了大厅。作状语介词短语作状语时,修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子。Classes begin at eight.(修饰动词)八点钟开始上课。Jane looks young for her age.(修饰形容词)珍妮看起来比她的实际年龄年轻。The school is not far from my house.(修饰形容词)学校离我家不远。To my surprise, Li Ming passed the exam at all.(修饰全句)使我吃惊的是,李明居然考试及
3、格了。作表语He is in danger.他处于危险之中。We are against/for you.我们反对 / 支持你。It was because of the heavy rain, we couldnt go out.因为这场大雨,我们出不去了。作宾语补足语Make yourself at home.放松一些,就和在你自己家一样。We made him out of danger.我们使他脱离了危险。2、 表示时间的介词表示“时间”的介词如下:表示年、月、日、时刻等用at ,in , on 表示时间的前后用before ,after 表示期限等用by,until,till 表示期
4、间等用for ,during , through 表示时间的起点等用from ,since 表示时间的经过等用in ,within (1)at ,on, in A.at :用于表示时刻、时间的某一点at lunch在午饭时 at breakfast早餐时 at noon正午时 at that time那时at night在夜间 at the moment此刻,目前 at present目前 at nine(oclock )在九点钟 at first开始的时候,起初 at/on the weekend在周末 at last最后 at the same time 同时 at times 偶尔,有时
5、 at the end of 1999 在 1999 年末 at this time of ( the )year 在一年中的这个时候精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 10 页We usually have lunch at noon/ at twelve.我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)注意:表示时间的名词前有this , last , next , every 等修饰时, 其前面不加介词。 this morning今天早上; last Monday上周一; every week每周B.on 用于表示某天,某一天的上、
6、下午(指具体的某一时,一律用on)on Monday 在周一on Tuesday morning在周二早上on June 6在 6 月 6 日on May 4,1996在 1996 年 5 月 4日on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚on that day在那天on Christmas Day在圣诞节那天on time准时on Monday evening在周一晚上on the night of July(the ) first在七月一日的夜晚we didn t listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon.周三下午我们没去听演讲。C.in
7、 用于表示周、月、季节、年和泛指的上午、下午、晚上(指在一段时间内)。in the week在这周 in the holiday在假期中 in May 在五月 in summer在夏季in Spring在春季 in autumn 在秋季 in 1995在 1995 in winter在冬季in September,1995 在 1995 年 9 月in the morning在上午in the afternoon在下午in the evening在晚上in the 21st century在二十一世纪in time及时 in an hour一个小时后 in a minute一会儿,立刻Jack
8、 was about to lock the door when just in time he remembered his key. 杰克正要锁门,忽然(正在那时他及时)想起了他要拿门钥匙。The plane took off on time.飞机准时起飞了。People go skating in winter.人们冬天去滑冰。Do they work in the day time or at night?他们是白天工作还是夜里工作?(2)before , after (注:两个既可以作介词又可以作连词)A before在之前Wash your hands before dinner.
9、(before作介词)吃饭前请洗手。He will call me before he leaves here/before ten oclock. (前一个before作连词;后一个 before 作介词)他离开这儿之前/ 十点之前,将给我打电话。B after在之后Let s sing some songs after school.(after作介词)放学后咱们唱歌吧!Please close the door after you leave the room.(after作连词)离开房间后请关门。(3)by,until/till A.by 在前(时间) ;截止(到)How many E
10、nglish books had you read by the end of last year? 到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?She had left by the time I arrived.我到时(之前)她已经走了。例: by the end of在底(之前) by then 到那时 by the time+从句在之前B.until/till知道为止(时间)精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 10 页we didn t begin to watch TV until/till nine o clock. 一直
11、到九点,我们才开始看电视。 (begin 是点动词,所以用否定式)I will wait for him until he comes here.我将在这儿一直等到他来。(4)for ,during ,through A.for 达之久(表示经过了多少时间)可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。He has lived here for 20 years.他在这儿已经住了二十年了。We will stay in the city for two days.我们要在这座城市呆两天。B.during在期间they are going to have a good rest du
12、ring the summer holidays.暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。C.through一直(从开始到结束)They played the cards through the night.他们打了一整夜的牌。He stayed in London through the winter.他整个冬天都待在伦敦。比较: for和 during 。for 之后大多跟表示时间、具体天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。(5)from ,since A.from 从起(时间)表示“从开始”时,一般都是用词组from to ,而单纯表示确切的“从几点开始”时用 at 。The me
13、eting will be held from eight to ten.这个会议将从8 点开到 10 点。The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。B.since 自从以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)I have been sick since yesterday.我从昨天起就病了。 (强调一直病到现在)The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since 作连词,引导时间状语从句)这个医生自从当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。(6)in ,within A
14、.in 过后(未来时间)大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。in an hour一小时之后in a week or so大约一星期之后he will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。They said they would arrive here in a week.他们说他们一周后到达。注意: 如果用于过去时,用after+时间。 She went to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month.去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。B.within不超过的范围within 3 hours 3小时
15、之内; within a week一周之内I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。比较:within和 in 。 within强调“在时间之内” ,没有时态的限制。 in 是以现在为基础,in an hour是指从现在起一小时之后,所以in 一般只用于将来时。3、 表示场所、方向的介词(1)表示场所的介词:at ,in ,on,under ,by,near ,between ,around , opposite (2)表示方向的介词:into ,out of,along ,across ,through
16、 ,up,past at ,in 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 10 页A.at 在某地(表示比较狭窄的场所)at school上学; at 2 Baker Street在贝克街2 号; at home 在家; stand at the door站在门边; at a factory在一家工厂; at the bottom of在下面; at the party在聚会上; at the back of在后边; at the end of在末尾; at the head of在排头;at the table在桌旁; at
17、Mike s house在迈克家; at table进餐; at the crossroads在十字路口;at work在上班; at the bus stop在公共汽车站;at the station在火车站;sit at my desk坐在我书桌旁I ll meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。B.in 在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)in Beijing在北京; in the world在世界上; in china在中国; in the street在街上; in bed 躺在床上;in the yard在院子里;in a book
18、/newspaper在书上 / 报纸上; in the photo/picture在照片里 / 图画里; in the middle在中部; in a queue/line/row排队(在对、行、排里) ;in a country在国家(里);in the house在房子里His brother is in prison. He was arrested 2 years ago. 他哥哥两年前被捕的,现在他再监狱中服刑。Mike works in the prison.迈克在这个监狱工作。She was born in China.她是在中国出生的。on,above,over ,under
19、,below A.on 在上面,有接触面。on the desk在桌子上面; on the map在地图上。There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。On在靠近的地方on the right在右边; on the screen在屏幕上; on the river在河边; on the farm在农场; on the floor在地板上; on the island/beach在岛上 / 海滨; on the pavement在人行道上B.above 在上方Our plane flew above the clouds.我们的飞机在云端上飞行。C.over 在
20、正上方,是under 的反义词There is a light over Li Ming.李明的正上方有一盏灯。A few birds were flying over the sea.有几只鸟在海上飞。D.under 在下面;在之内under the table桌子下面; under the jacket在夹克内The dog is under the table.这只狗在桌子下面。E.below 在下方(不一定是正下方)正下方是under ,below 是 above 的反义词。There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water
21、.水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。near ,by A.near 近的,不远的near=not far ,是 far的反义词。 Near 还可以指时间,如:in the near future在不久的将来Is there a bus stop near here?这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?B.By 在旁边,距离比near 要近by the window在窗户旁边;by me 在我旁边The boy is standing by the window.这个男孩正站在窗户旁边。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 10 页between,
22、among ,around A.between 在两者之间my teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。Whats the difference between A and B?A和 B之间有什么区别?B.among在三者或更多的之中There is a beautiful house among the trees.在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。He is very popular among the students.他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。C.around 环绕,在周围,在四周We sat around the
23、 table.我们在桌子四周坐下来。The earth moves around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。in front of, behind ,opposite A.in front of早的前面;在的前部There is a tree in front of the house.在房屋前面有一棵树。There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom. 在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。B.behind 在后面behind 是 in front of的反义词There is a tree behind my h
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