2022年笔记-新编简明英语语言学教程-复习资料 .pdf

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1、Chapter one Introduction 一、定义1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language . 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics . 3.语言 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communi

2、cation. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness 任意性Productivity 多产性（创造性）Duality 双重性Displacement 移位性Cultural transmission 文化传递5.语言能力Com

3、petence （抽象）Competence is the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic st

4、udy of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time . 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言 langue （抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语 parole

5、（具体）The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性 PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ” correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性 DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知识点1.language is not an isol

6、ated phenomenon, it s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2.几种观点和现象的提出者：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 40 页瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure :Langue 和 parole 的区别美国语言学家N.Chomsky:in1950 针对Saussure s langue&parole 提出C

7、ompetence 和performance 曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir-language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Hall-language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually us

8、ed oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Chomsky-from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. 美国语言学家Charles Hockett :提出了语言的识别特征design features 3.the word language preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguis

9、tics studies not any particular language. Language 一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts. 5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so its hardly possible fo

10、r the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题1.what are major branches of linguistics ? what does each study? Phonetics-it s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it s concerned

11、 with all the sounds that occur in the world s languages. Phonology-the study of sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology -It s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by whi

12、ch words are formed. Syntax-its a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics-It s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words. Sociolinguistics the study of language with reference to society. Ps

13、ycholinguistics -the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics -the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 2.why do we say language is arbitrary ? Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connec

14、tion between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innat

15、e relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of language is a rose by any other name would smell as sweet . 3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 40 页Modern linguistics

16、is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on high written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究高级书面语。4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is

17、 mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。 除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。5.which enjoys priority in modern ling

18、uistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 6.how is Saussure s distinction between la

19、ngue and parole similar to Chomsky s ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of langu

20、age, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 6.the distinction between langue and parole ? langue is abstract, relatively stable parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation. 1/ What is li

21、nguistics? 什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 2/ The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. ( 普通语言学 ) The study of sounds, which are

22、 used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to

23、 form sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社会语言学）The study of language with reference to the working of

24、 mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 40 页语言学）The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （应用语言学）But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic princ

25、iples and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （ 人 类 语 言 学 ）neurological linguistics, （神经语言学）mathematical linguistics, （数字语言学）and computational linguistics. （计算机语言学）3/ Some impo

26、rtant distinctions in linguistics 语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to b

27、e prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “ correct” or not.Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The descrip

28、tion of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern lin

29、guistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carri

30、es a larger load of communication than the written. Langue and parole 语言和言语The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the re

31、alization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of st

32、udy of linguistics. Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950 s.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 40 页He defines competence as the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of thi

33、s knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules. Chapter Two Phonology 一、定义1.宽式音标Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 2.窄式音标Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound

34、with letters symbols and the diacritics. 3.清音 Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 4.浊音 Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced

35、 sounds. 5.元音 Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. 6.辅音 Consonants The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of

36、 the vocal tract are called consonants. 7.音位 Phoneme The basic unit in phonology, it s a collection of distinctive phonetic features. 8.音位变体Allophones 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 40 页Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allo

37、phones of that phoneme. 9.音素 phone A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, it s a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 10.最小对立对Minimal pair When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the

38、strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 11.超切分特征Suprasegmental The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone. 12.互补分布complementary distribution P35 Two allophone

39、s of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 13.语言的语音媒介Phonic medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language. 在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。14.爆破音 sto

40、ps When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they areb p t d k g 二、知识点1.statistics resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,00

41、0languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form. 2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing. 3.Phonetic 组成Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学longest established, mostly developed Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学4.articulatory Apparatus /O

42、rgans of Speech Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔Oral cavity 口腔 greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity 鼻腔5.The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sou

43、nd can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. 6.Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation ofk andg,the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue leads to the soundj;the obstruction created between the tip of the

44、 tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the soundstandd. 7.nasal consonants: m / n / 8. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. 9.Sequential rules 例子精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 40 页If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination shoul

45、d obey the following three rules: the first phoneme must be /s/ the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w 10.English has four basic types of intonation :Falling tone;Rising tone;Fall-rise tone; Rise-fall tone 三、问答题1.what are the three branches of phoneti

46、cs? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound? Articulatory describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. Auditory- studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical i

47、deal. Acoustic- studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. 发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。听觉语音学研究语音的物理性质，得出了重要结论，即语音同一只是理论上的理想。声学语音学研究语音的物理性质，研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。2.how are the English consonants classified? By place of articulation and

48、By manner of articulation 3.how do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between sayiandi,p andph,a phonetician or a philologist? why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么 ? Phonetics description of all speech sounds a

49、nd their find differences. Phonology description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning. A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos 4.what s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allopho

50、nes related to a phoneme? Phonea speech sound ,a phonetic unit. Phoneme-a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit. Allophones -actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. 5.what is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important to identify the minimal se