2022年初中英语从句总结 .pdf

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1、学习必备欢迎下载英语从句从句（ Subordinate Clause）是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由 that 、who、whom ，when，why，where。how，which 等引导词（ Connective ）引导的非主句部分。从句的分类从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。根据引导从句为主不同大大可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6 类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从

2、句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句；而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、方位状语从句和时间状语从句。1. 主语从句（Subject Clause ）：用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。2. 表语从句（Predicative Clause ）：用作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大都一样。3. 宾语从句（Object Clause ）：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句. 宾语从句分为

3、三类: 动词的宾语从句, 介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。4. 同位语从句是名词性从句( 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句) 中的主要从句之一，从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词( 短语 ) 的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词( 短语 ) 加以补充说明或进一步解释，相当于一个表语从句，它们之间的关系是同位关系，即主表关系。5. 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。6. 状语从句可分为：(1) 时间状语从句：(adverbial clause of time) (2

4、) 地点状语从句：(adverbial clause of place) (3) 原因状语从句：(adverbial clause of cause) (4) 条件状语从句：(adverbial clause of condition) (5) 目的状语从句：(adverbial clause of purpose) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载(6) 让步状语从句：(adverbial clause of concession) (7) 比较状语从句：(adverbial clause of

5、 comparison) (8) 方式状语从句：(adverbial clause of manner) (9) 结果状语从句：(adverbial clause of result) 宾语从句定义宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。三要素连接词、语序和时态。连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which（指事）,who （指人）1从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。2从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或 whether 。在 whetheror not结构中不能用if替换。3从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what,when,where,which,who,ho

6、w等的疑问代、副词作连接词。当 who 为主语时，句式为：who+谓语 +其他判断时态情况：1. 主句是一般现在时，从句为各种时态情况精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载2. 主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。注意：从句描绘客观事实，用一般现在时3. 主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）例题： 1. The teacher told the children that the sun round. A. was B. is C. were D. are 选 B，因其陈述为无可

7、争议的客观事实 2. I believe that our team the basketball match. A. win B. won C. will win D. wins 选 C ，这是讲话人现在对将来情况的主观推测 3.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school. A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where 答 3：选 B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where 不可， which

8、引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what 从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句， 用关系代词which代替， 并在从句中作动词used 的宾语， use sth. as“把用作 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载宾语从句，在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后；Tell him which class you are in Do you know what he likes？(1) 主、从句时态一致：主句谓语过去时，从句

9、相应过去时；He answered that he was listening to me. 主句谓语现在时，从句时态任所需；He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk. They know (that) he is working hard. 具体过去永不变，真理格言现在时；He told me that he was born in 1980. Father told me that practice makes perfect . （ 2）否定前移，及完成反意问句；在 think / believe / suppose / gues

10、s / imagine / expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注 : 否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）I dont think you are right ,are you ? I dont believe they have finished their work yet,have they ? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载（ 3）在表示建议suggest , advise 要求 demand 、 desire、 re

11、quire、 request、 propose ；决定 decide; 命令 order、 command; 坚决主张 insist; 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should ） +v（虚拟语气）eg I suggested that you（ should ） study hardHe ordered that we should go out at once（ 4）如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置eg You may think it strange that he would live there（ 5）宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略A当主句谓

12、语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that ，其他不能省略。eg I believe（ that ） you have done your best and that things will get best? B当 it作形式宾语时eg She made it clear that she had nothing to do with himC当宾语从句前置时eg That our team will win，I believe分类A 、作动词的宾语: 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 36 页学习必备欢

13、迎下载eg I heard the news I 主语heard 谓语动词the news.名词作宾语I 主语heard 谓语动词that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语 -宾语从句B 、作介词的宾语: eg He said nothing about this plan 。He主语said 谓语动词nothing 代词作动词的宾语 about 介词 the plan. 名词作介词的宾语带有宾语从句的复合句的构成带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略 ) ， what, who, when, whe

14、re, why, which, if, whether, how. 注意A 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - -

15、 - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment. Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project. C 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。Bad: I th

16、ink he doesnt like the English teacher. Good: I don t think he likes the English teacher. D False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner. 4. 同位语从句（Appositive Clause ）：与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that 。5. 定语从句（Attributive Clause ）：用作定

17、语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代） 词之后， 这种名 （代） 词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词( 或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - -

18、 - -第 7 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载例句：The dog that/which was lost has been found. （失踪的狗已经找到了。）Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting. （有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless. （存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）The

19、 days when we had to rely on wool, cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed. （那种必须依赖羊毛，棉花或者蚕丝做衣服的日子已经过去了。）Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low. （空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）This is the reason why he refused to help us. （这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）He was born in 1976

20、, when an earthquake struck the country. （他出生于 1976 年，这一年这个城镇发生了地震。）They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us. （他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词 , 或先行词前为形容词最

21、高级所修饰时, 或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时 , 从句的引导词只能用that. The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday. （孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假。）These are the very points that puzzle me. （真正困扰我的是这些观点。）Is there anything that bothers you? （有什么事烦着你吗？）This is the be

22、st film that was ever produced by the company. （这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和 such, the same 连用 . As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后, 也可放在句子开头. 例句：Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。）The boy was run over by a motor-car, as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那个男孩

23、被一辆摩托轧过去了，这种事在解放前的上海是不少见的。）As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。）介词 +which/whom/whose从句The driver is th

24、e man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是从那个司机的房间偷了金表的。）Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。）Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard. （ Jane 一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）例题：Wa

25、ter dissolves a part of nearly everything _ it comes in contact. a. where b. that c with which d as soon as 代 / 名 +介词 +which 从句He is needing a book, the name of which I dont know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。）In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can be turned into use

26、ful things under certain condition.（在工厂精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。）To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer.（为了能够客观地测试，老师写了一串答案唯一的问题。）同位语从句和定语从句The n

27、ews that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。）The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。） 难句 : NO.1He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。）NO.2He is the only one of those boys who is willing to ta

28、ke on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。）NO.3I shall never forget the day when we first met. NO.4I remember the morning when he first came to school. NO.4I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载NO.5The r

29、oom where he lived is kept in good repair. NO.6Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory. NO.7The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable 时态1主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。2主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。3主句用过去时，从句是真理时，只用一般现在时。宾语从句的几类连接词从属连词连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that ， if ， whether. tha

30、t引导表示陈述句的宾语从句 , 而 if和 whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句. 例句：He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学. I don t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没人知道他是否会通过考试. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载连接

31、代词连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever,whatever, whichever等 . 连接代词一般指疑问, 但 what, whatever除了指疑问外, 也可以指陈述. 例句：Do you know who has won Red Alert game? 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗? I don t know whom you should depend on. 我不知道你该依靠谁. The book will show you what the best CEOs know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该

32、了解些什么. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? 你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗? 连接副词连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等 . 例句：He didn t tell me when we should meet again. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面. Cou

33、ld you please tell me how you read the new panel? 你能展示给我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到. 动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger. 我们都预料他们会赢, 因为他们的队员更强壮. He told us that they would help us thou

34、gh the whole work. 他告诉我们在整个工作中, 他都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句例句：I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out. 我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了. Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip? 你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗? 动词短语也可以带宾语从句精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共 36

35、页学习必备欢迎下载常见的这些词有：make sure确保make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记例句：Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in. 在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误. 形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候, 则需要用 it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. 例句：I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot wate

36、r every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的. I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. 我没去聚会, 感觉非常遗憾. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 36 页学习必

37、备欢迎下载我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it 这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to. 例句：I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话. He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行. We take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的. When you start the engin

38、e, you must see to it that car is in neutral. 开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置. 若宾语从句是wh- 类, 则不可用it代替例句：We all consider what you said to be unbelievable. 我们都认为你所说的是不可信的. We discovered what we had learned to be valuable. 我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载介词的

39、宾语从句用 wh- 类的介词宾语从句例句：We are talking about whether we admit students into our club. 我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部. The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space. 这本新书是关于神州6 号载人航天飞船是如何升如太空的. 用 that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到 that引导的宾语从句例句：I know nothing about my new

40、neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班, 其他一无所知. 形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised 例句：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载I am sure I will pass the exam. 我确信我会通过考试. I am sorry that I

41、 have troubled you so long. 很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你. He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill. 他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他. if,whether在宾语从句中的区别if和 whether在作“是否”解时, 引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后 , 介词后一般不用if 少数动词, 如 :leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是 if不可以 . 在不定式前只

42、能用whether. 如：I can t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。避免歧异时, 我们常用whether而不用if. 八、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that 1. 当 that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时 ; 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 18 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载2. 当宾语从句较长时; 3. 当主语状语置于主句尾, 宾语从句之前时; 4. 当主语谓语动词( 包括非

43、谓语动词) 与宾语从句之间有插入语时; 5. 当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时, 此时第一个that可以省略, 第二个 that不可以省略; 6. 当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或 this,that做主语的定语时; 7. 当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时; 8. 当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时; 9. 当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时; 10. 当宾语从句有it做其先行词时; 11. 在直接引语中, 转述分句把宾语从句隔开时. 宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,gue

44、ss等 , 并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时, 从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来, 其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致. 例句：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 19 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载I don t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I don t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim 所杀的 , 是不是 ? 如果宾语

45、从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词, 其反义疑问句要用肯定形式 . 例句：We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课, 是不是 ? 宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时的时候, 宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响。当主句为过去时的时，细分为一下几种情况：从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生例句：I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what count

46、ry he was in. 我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书, 可不知道是哪个国家. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 20 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载He asked me if I was reading the story “The Old Man and the Sea ”when he was in. 他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读. 从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前例句：He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already. 他告诉我他已

47、经把有关会议的事情告诉的了Mary. 从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后例句：The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱. 如果从句是一个客观真理, 那么从句的时候不根据主句的时态而变化例句：The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday. 老师昨天说月亮绕着地球转. 当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when

48、,where,how,why等表疑问时, 不能按正常语序安排, 经常将这类引导词置于句首精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 21 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载例句：Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year? 你认为今年公众会选谁为他们最喜欢的歌手。同位语从句同位语从句用法比较固定 , 把关键的几个词背下来（下面这个材料供参考）：一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。

49、如：I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在这里。二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news， idea ， fact， promise ， question，doubt ， thought， hope ， message， suggestion， words （消息），possibility等。如：I ve come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this aftern

50、oon我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that， whether ，连接副词how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如：l have no idea When he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 22 页，共 36 页学习必备欢迎下载He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。四、有时同位语