2022年英语词汇学知识点 .pdf

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1、读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思English Lexicology: A CoursebookChapter 1 Lexicology and Words Knowledge Points: 1. Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. 2. Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. 3. The major purpose of study in morphology is to lo

2、ok at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation. 4. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. Morphemes may constitute words or parts of words. 5. Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. 6. Generally speaking, semantics focuses on: 1) the meaning of words; 2) the meaning o

3、f utterances in context; 3) the meaning of sentences; 4) meaning relations between sentences; 5) meaning relations that are internal to the vocabulary of a language. 7. Etymology is the study of the whole history of words. 8. Word is used traditionally to refer to a sequence of letters bounded by sp

4、aces. 9. The term word is also used to refer to an intermediate structure smaller than a whole phrase and yet generally larger than a single sound segment. 10. Major features of Words 1) A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment. 2) A word is symbo

5、lic and is used to stand for something else. 3) The word is an uninterruptible unit. 4) A word has to do with its social function. 5) A word may consist of one or more morphemes. 6) Words are part of the large communication system we call language. 7) A word occurs typically in the structure of phra

6、ses. 11. In traditional grammar, eight parts of speech are distinguished in English: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. 12. Words can also be classified into lexical words and grammatical words. 13. Generally speaking, lexical words are nouns, verbs,

7、adjectives, and adverbs. 14. The lexical words can be used (functions): 1) to represent our experience of the word; 2) to refer to persons, places, things and concepts (e.g. the nouns Smith, London, pineapple, unity ); 3) to describe qualities and properties (e.g. the adjectives excellent, kind, hig

8、h ); 4) to represent actions, processes or states (e.g. the verbs jump, bite, stay); 5) to describe circumstances like manner (e.g. the adverbs kindly, slowly, cheerfully). Furthermore, lexical words have their own content meanings and may be meaningful when used alone. E.g. book and house have thei

9、r own content meanings. 15. Grammatical words are words like pronouns, prepositions, demonstrative, determiners, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, and son on. 16. Semantic or lexical field: A semantic field contains words that belong to defined area of meaning. Crystal (1995) defines a semantic field a

10、s a named area of meaning in which lexemes interrelated and define each other in specific ways . Chapter 2 Some Basic Concepts and Word Meanings Knowledge Points: 1. Morphemes are the ultimate grammatical constituents, the smallest meaningful units of language. 2. Features of morpheme: 1) A morpheme

11、 may be a complete word. E.g. the, fierce, desk, eat, boot, at, fee, mosquito cannot be divided 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思up into smaller units that are meaningful themselves. 2) A morpheme may also be a word form such as an affix. e.g. able, in-, -h

12、ood . 3) A morpheme may be a combining form. e.g. bio-, geo, pre-. 3. Phonemes are the smallest working units of sound per se, and they build up into morphemes. 4. Lexeme: Lexeme or lexical item is regarded as a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have

13、 or the number of words it may contain. Lexeme is considered an abstract linguistic unit with different variants (e.g. sing as against sang, sung). 5. Morph: Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph. It is a physical form representing some morphemes in a language

14、. 6. Allomorphs: Morphs which are different representations of the same morpheme are referred to as allomorphs of that morpheme. 7. Morphemes can be classified into bound morphemes and free morphemes. 8. Bound morphemes must be joined to other morphemes. e.g. the suffix dom, is a bound morpheme. 9.

15、Free morphemes need not be attached to other morphemes and can occur by themselves as individual words. e.g. cat, chair, farm, and bug are free morpheme. 10. Morphemes may also be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. 11. Denotation: Denotation of a lexeme is the relatio

16、nship that holds between that lexeme and persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities external to the language system. 12. Reference: The relationship of reference holds between an expression and what that expression stands for on particular occasions of its utterance. 13. Sense: Se

17、nse is a relationship between the words or expressions of a single language, independently of the relationship, if any, which holds between those words or expressions and their referents. 14. Leech (1981) distinguishes seven types of meaning in language: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, soci

18、al meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic meaning. 15. Conceptual meaning, which is sometimes called denotative or cognitive meaning, refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary. 16. Connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression by virt

19、ue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. 17. Social meaning refers to the kind of meaning a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use. 18. Affective meaning can be used to cover the attitudinal and emotional factors expressed in a word. 19. Ref

20、lected meaning is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. 20. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment. 2

21、1. Thematic meaning is what communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the massage, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis. 22. Stem: The word to which affixes are added and which carries the basic meaning of the resulting complex word is known as the stem. 23. Root: A stem co

22、nsisting of a single morpheme is labeled as root. For, example, walk is a root and it appears in the set of word-forms that instantiate the lexeme walk such as walk, walks, walking and walked.24. Free morpheme: Roots which are capable of standing independently are called free morphemes. Single words

23、 like man, book, tea, sweet, cook are the smallest free morphemes capable of occurring independently. 25. Bound morpheme: some roots are incapable of occurring independently. They always occur with some other word-building element attached to them. Such roots are called bound morphemes, like mit in

24、permit, remit, commit, admit, and ceive in perceive, receive, conceive. 26. Base: A base is a lexical item to which affixes of any kind can be added. The affixes attached to a base. In other words, all roots are bases. 27. Affix: A root or stem can be attached with an affix. Affixes are morphemes wh

25、ich only occur when attached to other morphemes. By definition affixes are bound morphemes. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思28. Three types of affixes: prefix, suffix and infix. 1) prefix: A prefix is an affix attached before a root (or stem or base) like

26、re-, un- and in-, as in re-make, un-kind, in-decent. 2) suffix: A suffix is an affix attached after a root (or stem or base) like -ly, -er, -ist, and -ed, as in kind-ly, wait-er, interest-ing, interest-ed.3) infix: An infix is an affix inserted into the root itself. According to Katamba (1993), infi

27、xes are very common in semitic language like Arabic and Hebrew. 29. Other types of affixes: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. 1) Inflectional affixes are used for syntactic reasons to indicate number, tense, case, and so on. 2) derivational affixes can alter the meaning or grammatical c

28、ategory of the base. 30. Polysemy: Polysemy refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings. For instance, the noun bank is said to be polysemous because it may mean: (1) a financial institution that people or businesses can keep their money in or borrow money from; (2) a

29、raised area of land along the side of a river; (3) a large number of things in a row, especially pieces of equipment. 31. Features of polysemy:1) The concept of polysemy is complex and involves a certain number of problems. As mentioned by Jackson and Amvela (2000), we cannot determine exactly how m

30、any meanings a polysemous word has, as a word may have both a literal meaning and one or more transferred meanings. 2) The is no clear criterion for either difference or sameness of meaning. 3) It difficult to distinguish between polysemy (i.e. one word with several meanings) and homonymy (i. e. sev

31、eral words with the same shapespelling and/or pronunciation). 4) Polysemy is an essential condition for its efficiency. 32. Homonymy: Homonymy refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape. 33. Tow types of homonyms (Jackson and Amvela, 2000): homograph and homophone

32、 1) homograph: Homograph refers to a word which is spelt the same as another word but has a different meaning and sometimes a different pronunciation. For example, lead (metal) and lead (dog s lead) are spelt the same but pronounced differently. 2) homophone: Homophone refers to a word that sounds t

33、he same as another word but ahs its own spelling, meaning and origin. For example, right, rite and write are spelt differently but pronounced the same. 34. Features of homonymy: 1) There are cases in which two homonyms with totally different meanings may both make sense in the same utterance. 2) Spe

34、lling will often help to differentiate between words with are identical in sound. 3) Writing conventions can help remove homonymy, as English writing is more intelligible than speech. Chapter 3 The Origins of English Words Knowledge Points: 1. The Development of English: Indo-European Family Italic

35、Germanic Europe the Near East North India the North Germanic the East Germanic the West Germanic branch branch branch English English belongs to the Indo-European family, which includes most of the languages of Europe, the Near east, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序

36、而渐进 ,熟读而精思and North India. One branch of the Indo-European family is called Italic, from which Latin and later the Romance languages developed. Another is called Germanic, which is subdivided into the North Germanic branch, the Ease Germanic branch and the West Germanic branch. English is one of the

37、 languages in the West Germanic branch. Celts are believed to be the first people who, inhabited the land that was later to become England. They came to the island around the middle of the fifth millennium BC. Their languages were yet another branch of the Indo-European language family. Most of the

38、island of Britain was occupied by the Romans from about 43 AD until 410 AD. Two stages: First Stage (Beginning of English): After the withdrawal of the Romans, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes moved into England in about 450 AD and began to take it over. It is at this time when the English language beg

39、an. Second Stage: By the 10th century, the West Saxon dialect became the official language of Britain. Written Old English is mainly known from this period. It was written in an alphabet called Runic (北欧古文字 ). 2. The four historical periods of English: 1) The language from 450 to 1066 is known as Ol

40、d English. 2) From 1066 to 1500 the language is known as Middle English. 3) The language from 1500 to 1800 is considered the Early Modern English period. 4) The language since 1800 is called Modern English. 3. Old English Period (450-1066). There are many differences between the way vocabulary was u

41、sed in Old English and the way it is used today. 1) the Anglo-Saxon preference for expressions that are synonymous, far exceeds that found in Modern English, as does their ingenuity in the construction of compounds. 2) the absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords also forces them to rely mo

42、re on word-formation processes based on native elements. 3) the latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number of loan translations . 4) grammatical relationships in Old English were expressed mainly by the use of inflectional endings. 5) Old English is believed to co

43、ntain about 24,000 different lexical items. 4. The Middle English Period (1066-1500). The Middle English period was marked by extensive changes. In 1066 the Normans conquered Britain. 5. Features of this period: 1) The changes of this period affected English both in its grammar and its vocabulary. 2

44、) Inflections were greatly reduced in Middle English. 3) The inflectional endings was due partly to phonetic changes and partly to the operation of analogy. 4) Middle English is particularly characterized by intensive and extensive borrowing from other languages. 6. Early Modern English Period (1500

45、-1800). This period is the transitional period from Middle English to Modern English. 1) The printing press helped to standardize the spelling of English in its modern stages. 2) Throughout the modern period, written English has been quite uniform. 3) In the sixteenth century, scholars began serious

46、ly to talk about their language, making observations on grammar vocabulary, the writing system and style. 4) Adjectives lost all endings except for in the comparative and superlative forms. 7. The Modern English Period (1800-present). Features of this period: 1) Modern English is as the unprecedente

47、d growth of scientific vocabulary. 2) The assertion of American English is as a dominant variety of the language. 3) The emergence of other varieties known as New Englishes . 8. New Englishes refers to new varieties of the language that have become localized not only through the influence of the oth

48、er languages of the regions where they are used, but also through being adapted to the life and culture of their speakers. 9. The differences between American English and British English: 1) The differences of vocabulary are the most striking; 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 13

49、页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思2) American spelling and British are also a bit different; 3) The differences between American and British pronunciation are perhaps the most pervasive of all. 10. Native English vocabulary is made up of Anglo-Saxon words. This category comprises words that were used by the Germa

50、nic tribes and are still used in Modern English. 11. The Celtic language did not have any serious impact on English. 1) In the Old English period, only a number of Celtic words were borrowed, and just a few have survived into modern English, sometimes in regional dialect use. 2) In the seventeenth c