考研英语田静语法长难句英语一：02语法讲义__定从_状从_特殊句式.docx

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1、考研语法（英 语 一）微博/公众号：田静 Shadow第二部分长难句第二章：复合句主句从句第一节 名词性从句第二节 定语从句第三节 状语从句定语从句一. 定语从句的概述先行词=关系词Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.Law is a discipline.A discipline encourages responsible judgment.二. 定语从句的写法先行词关系词事/物which/that人who / whom / that人物（表示人或物的所有关系，“某人的某物的”）whose时间when地点whe

2、re原因why1. 先行词是事物，关系词选择 whichthatTeachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience.(2003, Use of English)Furthermore, the legal system and the events occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.(2007, Translation)2. 先行词是人，关系词选择 whowho

3、mthatIn France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Retailers master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby.(2010

4、, Reading Comprehension, Part B)3. 先行词是人物，表示人或物的所有关系， 关系词选择 whoseIt also pledged to not deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those surn

5、ames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. (2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time highquality arts criticism could be found in most bigcity newspapers.(2010, Reading Co

6、mprehension, Part A Text 1)4. 先行词是时间，关系词选择 whenIt is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when highquality arts criticism could be found in most bigcity newspapers.(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)5. 先行词是地点，关系词选择 whereToda

7、y, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. (2019, Use of English)6. 先行词是原因，关系词选择 whyThe other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guildlike ownership structure of thebusiness.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A

8、Text 2)关于定语从句关系词的注意事项： 定语从句的关系词每一个都作成分，包括 that。 whom 指人，只能作宾语使用。 关系词在定语从句中作宾语（动宾或介宾）时，都可以省略。关于定语从句的关系词的几点注意： 关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，都可以省略。Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? (2009, Use of English)补充：特殊的关系词 whereby = by whichThe definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the f

9、act that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)三. 定语从句的分类限定性定语从句He will call his friend who is working in London. He will call his mother, who is working in London.非限定性定语从句 先行词范围明确非限定性定语从句先行词范围明确If it is tr

10、ying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go f

11、urther.(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)（一）限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别n.+从句同位语从句限定性的定语从句解释说明 n.修饰限定 n.抽象 n.后任意 n.后（抽象或不抽象的 n.后都行）区别 1：从句前若为不抽象的 n.，则可判断是定语从句n. + that 从句（that 不作从句的成分）区别 2：n. + that 从句（that 作从句的成分）同位语从句中关系词都不能省略区别 3：n. 省略关系词的从句One possible response is for classical performers to progr

12、am attractive new music that is not yet available on record.(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.(2008, Use of English) we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see

13、every day. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)（二）特殊的非限定性定语从句（修饰整句话）A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(2012, Translation)Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a persons early lif

14、e and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.(2011, Translation)（三）介词提前的定语从句Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment which they live in.Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. (2003, Translation) commercial genetic

15、 testing is only as good as the reference collections which a sample is compared to. commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.(2009, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)定语从句练习 the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one tha

16、t counts in calculating a students overall GPA.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it. (2017, Reading Comprehension, Part C)Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successfu

17、l. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.(2005, Use of English)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which the

18、y live. (2003, Translation)定语从句 考场攻略攻略 1：不必纠结于从句的种类攻略 2：非限定性定语从句可以省略不看攻略 3：找到定语从句和先行词 there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. (2005, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text 4)第二部分长难句第二章：复合句主句从句第一节 名词性从句第二节 定语从句第三节 状语从句状语从句一、状语从句的概述（一） 状语从句的含义（二） 状语从句的写法When the

19、 United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. (2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)（三）状语从句的位置As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)Opportunities will abound for aspiring le

20、aders, as the economy picks up.Opportunities, as the economy picks up, will abound for aspiring leaders. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. Opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders, as the economy picks up. Opportunities, as the economy picks up, will abou

21、nd for aspiring leaders.二、状语从句的分类（一）时间状语从句when / while / asbefore / aftersince / untilas soon asby the time each time / every timethe next timeIn 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.(2000, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)As the brai

22、n fades, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” (2014, Use of English)Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part B)Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. (2008, Readi

23、ng Comprehension, Part B)As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new internet signups from Ukraine (2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)（二）地点状语从句whereNow, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadnt before. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)（三）原因状语从句because sinceas

24、now thatOur legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely tied.(2012, Use of English)Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.”(2012

25、, Use of English)（四）结果状语从句so that such that so thatIndeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments cant possibly cope. (2006, Use of English)We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or ecommerce engines

26、within that environment.(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part B)（五）目的状语从句so thatin order thatIn December 2010 Americas Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed

27、 adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)（六）条件状语从句if onceas long as / so long asIf connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society. is undermined

28、. (2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you dont get caught.(2019, Reading Com

29、prehension, Part B)（七）让步状语从句although / though even if / even though whilehoweverAlthough sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow from muscular responses.(2011, Use of English)After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is

30、 still working out how.(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)（八）比较状语从句than asBut phones run on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. (2019, Use of English)In the gener

31、al population today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go, (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)（九）方式状语从句as as ifDuring most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part

32、 C)Beethovens music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.(2014, Reading Comprehension, Part C)注意 as状语从句 练习When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year

33、if they struggled in their transition to collegelevel courses.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part B) the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, health

34、ier people can realize their potential.(2003, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4) theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.(2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that th

35、e number of the homeless is increasing.(2006, Use of English)Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)状语从句 考场攻略攻略 1：完形填空中，选择从属连词The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law justices b

36、ehave like politicians.(2012, Use of English)It did not matter what was done in the experiment; productivity rose.(2010, Use of English) something was changed,攻略 2：根据从属连词，判断上下文Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days eve

37、ntsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream.(2005, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text3)Even if a jobs starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adults need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the startup adult is ready for the move.(2007, Readi

38、ng Comprehension, Part B)第二部分：长难句第三章：特殊句式第一节 倒装第二节 强调第三节 虚拟倒装一、全部倒装On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind. .(2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. (2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)There be 句型： There be + n. There is a girl.T

39、here be 句型： There be + n. + 介词短语There is a book on the table.There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part C)There has been a kind of inflationary process at work (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part C)There may be more matches in the databas

40、e.(2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)二、部分倒装（一）否定副词或词组位于句首 it has never served so much to connect different peoples and nations before never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations. and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and

41、nations as in the recent events in Europe.(2005, Reading Comprehension, Part C)They developed not only such a device Not only did they develop such a device.Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system.(2012, Readin

42、g Comprehension, Part B)（二）only 位于句首They will be useful servants and not Frankensteins outofcontrol monster only then. Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankensteins outofcontrol monster. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)And scholars have examined history from the bottom up

43、only over the past 30 years. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. (2008, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)（三）虚拟条件句省略 ifBut if Entergy had kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside

44、 the point. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)第二部分：长难句第三章：特殊句式第一节 倒装第二节 强调第三节 虚拟强调一、强调句的构成It is thatWe hear the more honest argument only in recent years.It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part C)It was only after I started to wr

45、ite a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part C)二、强调句的变化It is/was that/whoIt is they, not America, who have become antiintellectu

46、al. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part C) it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant preelectronic medium, .(2002, Use of English)判断：是不是强调句？It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part B)第二部分：长难句第三章：特殊句式第一节 倒装第二节 强调第三节 虚拟虚拟一、虚拟的概述1 什么是虚拟？2 如何表达虚拟？3 虚拟用在哪里？ 二、if 虚拟条件句If 虚拟条件句假设现在If 从句主句一般过去时did (were)could+do would should mightIf 虚拟条件句假设现在Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitionslike, say, tennis gam