2022年英语语法教案-句子成分 .pdf
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1、学习必备欢迎下载初中英语句子成分一、句子成分概念:组成句子的各个部分,即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语,主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。英语的基本成分有七种:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。1、主语一个句子中需要加以描述或说明的对象。表示句子所说的是什么人或事物。主语一般位于句首,由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。1)名词做主语: The school is far from here. A mooncake is a delicious, round cake. The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefull
2、y. 2)代词做主语: She goes to school by bike. We are students. That s a bit expensive. 3)数词做主语: Eight is a lucky number. One and two is three. One is not enough for me. I want one more. One of them is English. Two will be enough. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载4)名词化形容词: t
3、he rich;the poor;the blind;the deaf The blind need more help. 5)不定式短语: To see is to believe. 不定式短语作主语常以It s adj. to do sth. 形式出现, it 作形式主语,真正主语放在句后。To be a doctor is my dream. Its bad manners to spit in public. Its glad to see you again. It was difficult to see. 6)动名词做主语: Seeing is believing. Eating
4、 too much is bad for your health. Working with you is a pleasure. 7) “there be”结构做主语, be 作谓语,主语位居其后。There is a pen on the desk. There are many different kinds of mooncakes. There will be a strong wind. “there be”结构中 there无实际意义例如: There is a boy there 。第一个 there 无意义,第二个代指那里 。8)It 作主语,有如下情况:1指代刚刚提到的事物
5、:Whats this ? 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载It s a bus. ( 指代 what) 2指代一个你不知道或判断不清性别的人Whos knocking the door? Its me. (指代 who) Whos the baby in the picture? Its my sister. ( 指代 who) 3表示时间,天气,距离:Whats the time? It s eight oclock. (时间) Whats it going to be tomorrow? I
6、t s going to be rainy.( 天气) How far is it? It s about one kilometre away. ( 距离) 2、谓语说明主语的动作或状态,说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样” ,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,情态动词与省略to 的不定式构成合成谓语,助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。一般可分为两类:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - -
7、- - - -第 3 页,共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载1)简单谓语由动词 (或短语动词 )构成。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词(或动词词组)构成的谓语都是简单谓语。He works in a factory. ( 一般现在时主动语态 ) I like walking.(一般现在时主动语态 ) I made your birthday cake last night. ( 一般过去时主动语态 ) It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. ( 一般现在时被动语态 ) 2)复合谓语:第一种是由情态动词 /
8、助动词+不带 to 的动词不定式构成: 1 We cant carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。Im sorry, I cant help you.对不起,我帮不上你I can speak a little English. 我会说一点英语2He doesn t like English. Do you speak English. I wont do it again. You d better catch a bus. 第二种是由连系动词 +表语构成:We are all here. School is over. Let s go home. My pen is
9、in my bag. You look very happy. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载He looked worried. I feel terrible. The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer. Keep quite and listen to me. 连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系,不宜分割。练习:分析句子的主语和谓语Mr. Li teaches English. He can play the piano. My paren
10、ts and I are having dinner. 3、表语表语是谓语的一部分, 它位于系动词之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当。例句: My sister is a nurse. 我姐姐是护士。表语表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。 表语可以由名词 ,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。These desks are yellow. 这些桌子是黄色的。I am all right. My work is teaching English, 我的工作是教
11、英语。My question is how you knew him. 我的问题是你如何认识他的。系动词的分类:精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be 一词,例如:He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。 )2)持续系动词用来表示主语持续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有 keep, rest (仍是), remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting.
12、 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示 看起来像 这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变
13、成什么样, 变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, 例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6)终止系动词精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实,变成之意,例如:The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。The search pro
14、ved difficult. 搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。 (turn out 表终止性结果)4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象, 跟在及物动词之后, 能作宾语的词有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者 ,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任,宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。He is doing his homework.( 名词) I saw a cat in the tree. 我看见树上有一只猫。They did nothing this morning.(代词) She wants to
15、 go home.( 不定式 ) I want to go shopping. 我想去买东西。We enjoy playing football.(动名词 ) 【注意】有的动词可接双宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物 ,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语。这类动词常见的有: give,buy,lend,pass, tell,leave等。如:He bought me a book. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载Pass me the ball ,will you?(间宾+直宾
16、) 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后, 如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面 ,若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如 to 或 for 等。如:Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.( 直宾+间宾) Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.( 直宾+间宾 ) My father bought me a book. 我父亲给我买了一本书。Give the rubber to me. 把橡皮给我。Please give the letter to XiaoLi. 请把这封信给小李。有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外,还
17、需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整 ,它们一起构成复合宾语 ,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系, 这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。We all call him LaoWang. 我们都叫他老王。Please color it red. 请给它涂上红颜色。We found the little girl in the hill. 我们在山上找到了小女孩。有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。这类动词有:want,wish, hope,promise,decide,agree, choose,care等。如:I hope to
18、 see you again. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 17 页学习必备欢迎下载有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语, 而不用不定式。这类动词有:enjoy,finish,mind,practise,miss, suggest,keep(on)等。如:Do you mind my opening the window? 有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。a)forget to do 表示“ 未发生的动作 ” ,forget doing 表示“ 已完成的动作” 。如:Dont forget to come here ea
19、rlier tomorrow.(还没来 ) I forgot returning the book to him.( 书已还给他了 ) b)stop to do(不定式为状语 )表示“ 停下原来的事, 去做另一件事 ” ,stop doing表示“ 停止做某事 ” 。如:I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。 ) The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.( 老师进来时学生们停止谈话。 ) 从句:He said he could be here. 他说他会来的。We think you are
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